{"id":"CVE-2011-3923","aliases":["EUVD-2022-1771","GHSA-j68f-8h6p-9h5q"],"status":"published","title":"Struts ParameterInterceptor vulnerability allows remote command execution","description":"Apache Struts before 2.3.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass security protections in the ParameterInterceptor class and execute arbitrary commands.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"primary","from":"nvd"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-08","score":0.89492,"percentile":0.99789,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":true,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-732","CWE-94"],"published":"2019-11-01T13:57:37Z","modified":"2026-06-16T23:34:09Z","exploits":[{"source":"exploitdb","id":"EDB-24874","title":"Apache Struts - 'ParametersInterceptor' Remote Code Execution (Metasploit)","type":"remote","platform":"multiple","date":"2013-03-22","verified":true,"url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/24874"},{"source":"metasploit","id":"exploit/multi/http/struts_code_exec_parameters","title":"Apache Struts ParametersInterceptor Remote Code Execution","type":"exploit","platform":"Java,Linux,Windows","date":"2011-10-01","verified":true,"url":"https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_code_exec_parameters"}],"fixes":[{"ecosystem":"Maven","package":"org.apache.struts:struts2-core","fixed_in":["2.3.1.2"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"Maven","package":"org.apache.struts:struts2-core","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"2.0.0"},{"fixed":"2.3.1.2"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Maven","package":"org.apache.struts:struts2-core","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"2.0.0"},{"fixed":"2.3.1.2"}]}],"versions":["2.0.11","2.0.11.1","2.0.11.2","2.0.12","2.0.14","2.0.5","2.0.6","2.0.8","2.0.9","2.1.2","2.1.6","2.1.8","2.1.8.1","2.2.1","2.2.1.1","2.2.3","2.2.3.1","2.3.1","2.3.1.1"]}],"products":[{"vendor":"apache","product":"struts"},{"vendor":"redhat","product":"jboss_enterprise_web_server"}],"references":[{"url":"http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/24874","tags":["exploit","x_refsource_EXPLOIT-DB","x_transferred"]},{"url":"http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/51628","tags":["vdb-entry","x_refsource_BID","x_transferred"]},{"url":"https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2011-3923","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","web"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2011-3923","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","web"]},{"url":"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Jul/38","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred"]},{"url":"http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1026575","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred"]},{"url":"https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/72585","tags":["vdb-entry","x_refsource_XF","x_transferred","web"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-3923","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"http://struts.apache.org/development/2.x/docs/s2-009.html","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725074137/http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Jul/38","tags":["web"]},{"url":"http://blog.o0o.nu/2012/01/cve-2011-3923-yet-another-struts2.html","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-j68f-8h6p-9h5q"}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2011-3923","description":"Apache Struts before 2.3.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass security protections in the ParameterInterceptor class and execute arbitrary commands.","status":"published","published":"2019-11-01T13:57:37Z","modified":"2024-08-06T23:53:32.156Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:35:37.671707Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2022-1771","description":"Apache Struts before 2.3.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass security protections in the ParameterInterceptor class and execute arbitrary commands.","status":"published","published":"2019-11-01T13:57:37Z","modified":"2024-08-06T23:53:32Z","updated_at":"2026-11-03T01:39:49.868954Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-j68f-8h6p-9h5q","title":"Struts ParameterInterceptor vulnerability allows remote command execution","description":"Regular expression in ParametersInterceptor matches `top['foo'](0)` as a valid expression, which OGNL treats as `(top['foo'])(0)` and evaluates the value of 'foo' action parameter as an OGNL expression. This lets malicious users put arbitrary OGNL statements into any String variable exposed by an action and have it evaluated as an OGNL expression and since OGNL statement is in HTTP parameter value attacker can use blacklisted characters (e.g. #) to disable method execution and execute arbitrary methods, bypassing the ParametersInterceptor and OGNL library protections.","status":"published","published":"2022-04-22T00:24:08Z","modified":"2023-08-16T21:41:32Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-94","CWE-732"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:36:59.456342Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2011-3923","description":"Apache Struts before 2.3.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass security protections in the ParameterInterceptor class and execute arbitrary commands.","status":"published","published":"2019-11-01T14:15:10.877Z","modified":"2026-06-16T23:34:09.667Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"primary"},{"version":"2.0","score":7.5,"vector":"AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P","level":"high","assessor":"primary"}],"cwes":["CWE-732"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:02:12.945371Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"GHSA-j68f-8h6p-9h5q","title":"Struts ParameterInterceptor vulnerability allows remote command execution","description":"Regular expression in ParametersInterceptor matches `top['foo'](0)` as a valid expression, which OGNL treats as `(top['foo'])(0)` and evaluates the value of 'foo' action parameter as an OGNL expression. This lets malicious users put arbitrary OGNL statements into any String variable exposed by an action and have it evaluated as an OGNL expression and since OGNL statement is in HTTP parameter value attacker can use blacklisted characters (e.g. #) to disable method execution and execute arbitrary methods, bypassing the ParametersInterceptor and OGNL library protections.","status":"published","published":"2022-04-22T00:24:08Z","modified":"2024-02-16T08:24:48.65194Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-732","CWE-94"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:49.977351Z"}]}}