{"id":"CVE-2023-31136","aliases":["EUVD-2023-1513","GHSA-9cfh-vx93-84vv"],"status":"published","title":"PostgresNIO processes unencrypted bytes from man-in-the-middle","description":"PostgresNIO is a Swift client for PostgreSQL. Any user of PostgresNIO prior to version 1.14.2 connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption. The vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from 1.14.2. There are no known workarounds for unpatched users.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-11","score":0.0049,"percentile":0.42609,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":false,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-522"],"published":"2023-05-09T13:37:38Z","modified":"2026-10-28T10:32:57Z","fixes":[{"ecosystem":"SwiftURL","package":"github.com/vapor/postgres-nio","fixed_in":["1.14.2"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"SwiftURL","package":"github.com/vapor/postgres-nio","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.14.2"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"SwiftURL","package":"github.com/vapor/postgres-nio","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.14.2"}]}]}],"products":[{"vendor":"vapor","product":"postgres-nio"},{"vendor":"vapor","product":"postgresnio"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/security/advisories/GHSA-9cfh-vx93-84vv","tags":["x_refsource_CONFIRM","x_transferred","Vendor Advisory","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/apple/swift-nio/pull/2419","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Patch","fix","web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/commit/2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Patch","fix","web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-467w-rrqc-395f","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Not Applicable","advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-735f-7qx4-jqq5","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Not Applicable","advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/releases/tag/1.14.2","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Release Notes","web"]},{"url":"https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Not Applicable","web"]},{"url":"https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23222/","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","x_transferred","Not Applicable","web"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31136","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-9cfh-vx93-84vv"},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2023/31xxx/CVE-2023-31136.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio","tags":["package"]},{"url":"https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23222","tags":["web"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2023-31136","title":"PostgresNIO processes unencrypted bytes from man-in-the-middle","description":"PostgresNIO is a Swift client for PostgreSQL. Any user of PostgresNIO prior to version 1.14.2 connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption. The vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from 1.14.2. There are no known workarounds for unpatched users.","status":"published","published":"2023-05-09T13:37:38.193Z","modified":"2025-01-28T17:05:03.749Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low","assessor":"cna"}],"cwes":["CWE-522"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:35:27.430605Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2023-1513","description":"PostgresNIO is a Swift client for PostgreSQL. Any user of PostgresNIO prior to version 1.14.2 connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption. The vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from 1.14.2. There are no known workarounds for unpatched users.","status":"published","published":"2023-05-09T13:37:38Z","modified":"2025-01-28T17:05:03Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-03T00:04:11.289823Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-9cfh-vx93-84vv","title":"PostgresNIO processes unencrypted bytes from man-in-the-middle","description":"### Impact\nAny user of PostgresNIO connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption.\n\n_The remaining text in this section is quoted verbatim from [PostgreSQL's CVE-2021-23222 advisory](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23222/):_\n\n\u003e If more preconditions hold, the attacker can exfiltrate the client's password or other confidential data that might be transmitted early in a session. The attacker must have a way to trick the client's intended server into making the confidential data accessible to the attacker. A known implementation having that property is a PostgreSQL configuration vulnerable to [CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/). As with any exploitation of [CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/), the server must be using trust authentication with a clientcert requirement or using cert authentication. To disclose a password, the client must be in possession of a password, which is atypical when using an authentication configuration vulnerable to [CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/). The attacker must have some other way to access the server to retrieve the exfiltrated data (a valid, unprivileged login account would be sufficient).\n\n### Patches\nThe vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from [1.14.2](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/releases/tag/1.14.2) via [2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/commit/2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7), which required [additional support](https://github.com/apple/swift-nio/pull/2419) from SwiftNIO.\n\n### Workarounds\nThere are no known workarounds for unpatched users.\n\n### Additional Credits\nSpecial thanks to PostgreSQL's Tom Lane \u003c[tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us](mailto:tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us)\u003e for reporting this issue!\n\n### References\n- [PostgreSQL security advisory for CVE-2021-23222](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23222/)\n- [GitHub security advisory GHSA-735f-7qx4-jqq5 for CVE-2021-23222](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-735f-7qx4-jqq5)\n- [PostgreSQL security advisory for CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/)\n- [GitHub security advisory GHSA-467w-rrqc-395f for CVE-2021-23214](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-467w-rrqc-395f)\n- [SwiftNIO PR #2419 Add unprocessedBytes property on NIOSingleStepByteToMessageProcessor](https://github.com/apple/swift-nio/pull/2419)\n- [PostgresNIO commit 2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/commit/2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7)\n- [PostgresNIO 1.42.2 release](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/releases/tag/1.14.2)","status":"published","published":"2023-05-10T19:20:16Z","modified":"2023-11-06T05:05:52Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low"}],"cwes":["CWE-522"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:37:14.234712Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2023-31136","description":"PostgresNIO is a Swift client for PostgreSQL. Any user of PostgresNIO prior to version 1.14.2 connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption. The vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from 1.14.2. There are no known workarounds for unpatched users.","status":"published","published":"2023-05-09T14:15:13.52Z","modified":"2026-06-17T05:56:21.343Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low","assessor":"secondary"},{"version":"3.1","score":5.9,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"medium","assessor":"primary"}],"cwes":["CWE-522"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:08:01.131774Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2023-31136","title":"PostgresNIO processes unencrypted bytes from man-in-the-middle","description":"PostgresNIO is a Swift client for PostgreSQL. Any user of PostgresNIO prior to version 1.14.2 connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption. The vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from 1.14.2. There are no known workarounds for unpatched users.","status":"published","published":"2023-05-09T13:37:38.193Z","modified":"2026-10-28T10:32:57.406278067Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low"}],"cwes":["CWE-522"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:44:31.790231Z"},{"id":"GHSA-9cfh-vx93-84vv","title":"PostgresNIO processes unencrypted bytes from man-in-the-middle","description":"### Impact\nAny user of PostgresNIO connecting to servers with TLS enabled is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attacker injecting false responses to the client's first few queries, despite the use of TLS certificate verification and encryption.\n\n_The remaining text in this section is quoted verbatim from [PostgreSQL's CVE-2021-23222 advisory](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23222/):_\n\n\u003e If more preconditions hold, the attacker can exfiltrate the client's password or other confidential data that might be transmitted early in a session. The attacker must have a way to trick the client's intended server into making the confidential data accessible to the attacker. A known implementation having that property is a PostgreSQL configuration vulnerable to [CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/). As with any exploitation of [CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/), the server must be using trust authentication with a clientcert requirement or using cert authentication. To disclose a password, the client must be in possession of a password, which is atypical when using an authentication configuration vulnerable to [CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/). The attacker must have some other way to access the server to retrieve the exfiltrated data (a valid, unprivileged login account would be sufficient).\n\n### Patches\nThe vulnerability is addressed in PostgresNIO versions starting from [1.14.2](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/releases/tag/1.14.2) via [2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/commit/2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7), which required [additional support](https://github.com/apple/swift-nio/pull/2419) from SwiftNIO.\n\n### Workarounds\nThere are no known workarounds for unpatched users.\n\n### Additional Credits\nSpecial thanks to PostgreSQL's Tom Lane \u003c[tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us](mailto:tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us)\u003e for reporting this issue!\n\n### References\n- [PostgreSQL security advisory for CVE-2021-23222](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23222/)\n- [GitHub security advisory GHSA-735f-7qx4-jqq5 for CVE-2021-23222](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-735f-7qx4-jqq5)\n- [PostgreSQL security advisory for CVE-2021-23214](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2021-23214/)\n- [GitHub security advisory GHSA-467w-rrqc-395f for CVE-2021-23214](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-467w-rrqc-395f)\n- [SwiftNIO PR #2419 Add unprocessedBytes property on NIOSingleStepByteToMessageProcessor](https://github.com/apple/swift-nio/pull/2419)\n- [PostgresNIO commit 2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/commit/2df54bc94607f44584ae6ffa74e3cd754fffafc7)\n- [PostgresNIO 1.42.2 release](https://github.com/vapor/postgres-nio/releases/tag/1.14.2)","status":"published","published":"2023-05-10T19:20:16Z","modified":"2026-02-04T03:00:05.535913Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":3.7,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","level":"low"}],"cwes":["CWE-522"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:43.524801Z"}]}}