{"id":"CVE-2025-21677","aliases":["BELL-CVE-2025-21677","DEBIAN-CVE-2025-21677","EUVD-2025-2626","GHSA-ch6g-q299-j266","UBUNTU-CVE-2025-21677","USN-7445-1","USN-7448-1"],"status":"published","title":"pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.\n\npfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead\nof net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.\n\nEven when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev).\nThen, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]\n\nIn this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is\ncreated in ns1.\n\n  ip netns add ns1\n  ip netns add ns2\n  ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp\n  ip netns del ns1\n\nLet's link the device to the socket's netns instead.\n\nNow, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove\nall pfcp devices in the netns.\n\npfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted\nto the non-RCU variant.\n\npfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.\n\n[0]:\nref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at\n     sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)\n     inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)\n     __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)\n     udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)\n     pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)\n     pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)\n     rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)\n     rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)\n     netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)\n     netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)\n     netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)\n     ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)\n     ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)\n     __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)\n     do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\n     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n\nWARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nWorkqueue: netns cleanup_net\nRIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nCode: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89\nRSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286\nRAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c\nRBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af\nR10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230\nR13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000\nFS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)\n ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)\n ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)\n ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)\n ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)\n net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)\n cleanup_net (net/cor\n---truncated---","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":7.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"high","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-10","score":0.00188,"percentile":0.08444,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":false,"fix_available":true},"published":"2025-01-31T11:25:38Z","modified":"2026-10-30T21:53:57Z","fixes":[{"ecosystem":"Alpaquita:25","package":"linux-lts","fixed_in":["6.12.41-r0"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Alpaquita:stream","package":"linux-lts","fixed_in":["6.18.35-r1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Linux","package":"Kernel","fixed_in":["6.12.11"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Debian:13","package":"linux","fixed_in":["6.12.11-1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Debian:14","package":"linux","fixed_in":["6.12.11-1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Ubuntu:24.04:LTS","package":"linux-azure-6.11","fixed_in":["6.11.0-1013.13~24.04.1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Ubuntu:24.04:LTS","package":"linux-gcp-6.11","fixed_in":["6.11.0-1013.13~24.04.1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Ubuntu:24.04:LTS","package":"linux-hwe-6.11","fixed_in":["6.11.0-24.24~24.04.1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Ubuntu:24.04:LTS","package":"linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11","fixed_in":["6.11.0-1012.13~24.04.1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Ubuntu:24.04:LTS","package":"linux-nvidia-6.11","fixed_in":["6.11.0-1007.7"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Ubuntu:24.04:LTS","package":"linux-oem-6.11","fixed_in":["6.11.0-1020.20"],"sources":["osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Alpaquita:25","package":"linux-lts","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"6.6.89-r0"},{"fixed":"6.12.41-r0"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Alpaquita:stream","package":"linux-lts","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"6.12.92-r1"},{"fixed":"6.18.35-r1"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Linux","package":"Kernel","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"6.10.0"},{"fixed":"6.12.11"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Debian:13","package":"linux","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"6.12.11-1"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Debian:14","package":"linux","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"6.12.11-1"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Ubuntu:16.04:LTS","package":"linux-hwe-edge","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["4.8.0-28.30~16.04.1","4.8.0-30.32~16.04.1","4.8.0-32.34~16.04.1","4.8.0-34.36~16.04.1","4.10.0-14.16~16.04.1","4.10.0-19.21~16.04.1","4.10.0-20.22~16.04.1","4.10.0-21.23~16.04.1","4.10.0-22.24~16.04.1","4.10.0-24.28~16.04.1","4.10.0-26.30~16.04.1","4.11.0-13.19~16.04.1","4.11.0-14.20~16.04.1","4.13.0-16.19~16.04.3","4.13.0-17.20~16.04.1","4.13.0-19.22~16.04.1","4.13.0-21.24~16.04.1","4.13.0-25.29~16.04.2","4.15.0-13.14~16.04.1","4.15.0-15.16~16.04.1","4.15.0-20.21~16.04.1","4.15.0-22.24~16.04.1","4.15.0-23.25~16.04.1"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Ubuntu:18.04:LTS","package":"linux-aws-5.0","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["5.0.0-1021.24~18.04.1","5.0.0-1022.25~18.04.1","5.0.0-1023.26~18.04.1","5.0.0-1024.27~18.04.1","5.0.0-1025.28","5.0.0-1027.30"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Ubuntu:18.04:LTS","package":"linux-aws-5.3","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["5.3.0-1016.17~18.04.1","5.3.0-1017.18~18.04.1","5.3.0-1019.21~18.04.1","5.3.0-1023.25~18.04.1","5.3.0-1028.30~18.04.1","5.3.0-1030.32~18.04.1","5.3.0-1032.34~18.04.2","5.3.0-1033.35","5.3.0-1034.36","5.3.0-1035.37"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Ubuntu:18.04:LTS","package":"linux-azure","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["4.15.0-1002.2","4.15.0-1003.3","4.15.0-1004.4","4.15.0-1008.8","4.15.0-1009.9","4.15.0-1012.12","4.15.0-1013.13","4.15.0-1014.14","4.15.0-1018.18","4.15.0-1019.19","4.15.0-1021.21","4.15.0-1022.23","4.15.0-1023.24","4.15.0-1025.26","4.15.0-1028.29","4.15.0-1030.31","4.15.0-1031.32","4.15.0-1032.33","4.15.0-1035.36","4.15.0-1036.38","4.15.0-1037.39","4.18.0-1011.11~18.04.1","4.18.0-1013.13~18.04.1","4.18.0-1014.14~18.04.1","4.18.0-1018.18~18.04.1","4.18.0-1019.19~18.04.1","4.18.0-1020.20~18.04.1","4.18.0-1023.24~18.04.1","4.18.0-1024.25~18.04.1","4.18.0-1025.27~18.04.1","5.0.0-1014.14~18.04.1","5.0.0-1016.17~18.04.1","5.0.0-1018.19~18.04.1","5.0.0-1020.21~18.04.1","5.0.0-1022.23~18.04.1","5.0.0-1023.24~18.04.1","5.0.0-1025.27~18.04.1","5.0.0-1027.29~18.04.1","5.0.0-1028.30~18.04.1","5.0.0-1029.31~18.04.1","5.0.0-1031.33","5.0.0-1032.34","5.0.0-1035.37","5.0.0-1036.38"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Ubuntu:18.04:LTS","package":"linux-azure-5.3","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["5.3.0-1007.8~18.04.1","5.3.0-1008.9~18.04.1","5.3.0-1009.10~18.04.1","5.3.0-1010.11~18.04.1","5.3.0-1012.13~18.04.1","5.3.0-1013.14~18.04.1","5.3.0-1016.17~18.04.1","5.3.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ity/CVE-2024-57948","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2024-57949","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2024-57950","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2024-57951","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2024-57952","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21665","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21666","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21667","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21668","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21669","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21670","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21672","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21673","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21674","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21675","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21676","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21678","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21680","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21681","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21682","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21683","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21684","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21685","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21689","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21690","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21691","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21692","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21693","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21694","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21695","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21696","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21697","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21699","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21700","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21701","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21702","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21703","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21756","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21993","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-2312","tags":["report"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2025-21677","title":"pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.\n\npfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead\nof net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.\n\nEven when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev).\nThen, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]\n\nIn this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is\ncreated in ns1.\n\n  ip netns add ns1\n  ip netns add ns2\n  ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp\n  ip netns del ns1\n\nLet's link the device to the socket's netns instead.\n\nNow, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove\nall pfcp devices in the netns.\n\npfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted\nto the non-RCU variant.\n\npfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.\n\n[0]:\nref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at\n     sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)\n     inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)\n     __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)\n     udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)\n     pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)\n     pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)\n     rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)\n     rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)\n     netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)\n     netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)\n     netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)\n     ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)\n     ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)\n     __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)\n     do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\n     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n\nWARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nWorkqueue: netns cleanup_net\nRIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nCode: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89\nRSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286\nRAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c\nRBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af\nR10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230\nR13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000\nFS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)\n ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)\n ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)\n ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)\n ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)\n net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)\n cleanup_net (net/cor\n---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T11:25:38.809Z","modified":"2026-08-05T11:53:33.356Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"high","assessor":"cna"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:32:32.702673Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2025-2626","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.\n\npfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead\nof net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.\n\nEven when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev).\nThen, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]\n\nIn this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is\ncreated in ns1.\n\n  ip netns add ns1\n  ip netns add ns2\n  ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp\n  ip netns del ns1\n\nLet's link the device to the socket's netns instead.\n\nNow, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove\nall pfcp devices in the netns.\n\npfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted\nto the non-RCU variant.\n\npfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.\n\n[0]:\nref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at\n     sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)\n     inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)\n     __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)\n     udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)\n     pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)\n     pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)\n     rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)\n     rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)\n     netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)\n     netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)\n     netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)\n     ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)\n     ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)\n     __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)\n     do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\n     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n\nWARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nWorkqueue: netns cleanup_net\nRIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nCode: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89\nRSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286\nRAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c\nRBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af\nR10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230\nR13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000\nFS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)\n ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)\n ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)\n ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)\n ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)\n net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)\n cleanup_net (net/cor\n---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T11:25:38Z","modified":"2026-08-05T11:53:33Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T18:02:14.435051Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-ch6g-q299-j266","title":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along...","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.\n\npfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead\nof net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.\n\nEven when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev).\nThen, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]\n\nIn this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is\ncreated in ns1.\n\n  ip netns add ns1\n  ip netns add ns2\n  ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp\n  ip netns del ns1\n\nLet's link the device to the socket's netns instead.\n\nNow, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove\nall pfcp devices in the netns.\n\npfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted\nto the non-RCU variant.\n\npfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.\n\n[0]:\nref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at\n     sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)\n     inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)\n     __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)\n     udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)\n     pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)\n     pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)\n     rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)\n     rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)\n     netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)\n     netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)\n     netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)\n     ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)\n     ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)\n     __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)\n     do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\n     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n\nWARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nWorkqueue: netns cleanup_net\nRIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nCode: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89\nRSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286\nRAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c\nRBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af\nR10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230\nR13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000\nFS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)\n ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)\n ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)\n ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)\n ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)\n net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)\n cleanup_net (net/cor\n---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T12:33:03Z","modified":"2025-10-15T15:31:26Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":5.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"medium"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:03:59.559504Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2025-21677","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.\n\npfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead\nof net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.\n\nEven when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev).\nThen, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]\n\nIn this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is\ncreated in ns1.\n\n  ip netns add ns1\n  ip netns add ns2\n  ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp\n  ip netns del ns1\n\nLet's link the device to the socket's netns instead.\n\nNow, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove\nall pfcp devices in the netns.\n\npfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted\nto the non-RCU variant.\n\npfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.\n\n[0]:\nref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at\n     sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)\n     inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)\n     __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)\n     udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)\n     pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)\n     pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)\n     rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)\n     rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)\n     netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)\n     netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)\n     netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)\n     ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)\n     ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)\n     __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)\n     do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\n     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n\nWARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nWorkqueue: netns cleanup_net\nRIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nCode: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89\nRSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286\nRAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c\nRBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af\nR10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230\nR13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000\nFS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)\n ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)\n ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)\n ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)\n ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)\n net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)\n cleanup_net (net/cor\n---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T12:15:28.877Z","modified":"2026-07-30T06:18:39.91Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"high","assessor":"secondary"},{"version":"3.1","score":5.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"medium","assessor":"primary"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:10:49.841519Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"BELL-CVE-2025-21677","status":"published","published":"2025-02-01T05:57:08.89044Z","modified":"2026-06-25T07:16:40.017435841Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":5.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"medium"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:28:21.227396Z"},{"id":"CVE-2025-21677","title":"pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.\n\npfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead\nof net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.\n\nEven when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev).\nThen, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]\n\nIn this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is\ncreated in ns1.\n\n  ip netns add ns1\n  ip netns add ns2\n  ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp\n  ip netns del ns1\n\nLet's link the device to the socket's netns instead.\n\nNow, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove\nall pfcp devices in the netns.\n\npfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted\nto the non-RCU variant.\n\npfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.\n\n[0]:\nref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at\n     sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)\n     inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)\n     __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)\n     udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)\n     pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)\n     pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)\n     rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)\n     rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)\n     netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)\n     netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)\n     netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)\n     ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)\n     ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)\n     __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)\n     do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\n     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n\nWARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nWorkqueue: netns cleanup_net\nRIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\nCode: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89\nRSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286\nRAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c\nRBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af\nR10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230\nR13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000\nFS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)\n ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)\n ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)\n ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)\n ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)\n ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)\n ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)\n net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)\n cleanup_net (net/cor\n---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T11:25:38.809Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:34.014603901Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:44:46.665428Z"},{"id":"DEBIAN-CVE-2025-21677","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:  pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle.  pfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead of net, where a udp tunnel socket is created.  Even when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev). Then, removing net triggers the splat below. [0]  In this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is created in ns1.    ip netns add ns1   ip netns add ns2   ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp   ip netns del ns1  Let's link the device to the socket's netns instead.  Now, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove all pfcp devices in the netns.  pfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted to the non-RCU variant.  pfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next.  [0]: ref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at      sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)      inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)      __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)      udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)      pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)      pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)      rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)      rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)      netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)      netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)      netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)      ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)      ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)      __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)      do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)      entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)  WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) Modules linked in: CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 Workqueue: netns cleanup_net RIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) Code: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89 RSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286 RAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c RBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af R10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230 R13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000 FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400 PKRU: 55555554 Call Trace:  \u003cTASK\u003e  ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)  ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)  ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)  ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)  ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))  ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)  ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)  ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)  ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)  ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)  net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)  cleanup_net (net/cor ---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T12:15:28.877Z","modified":"2026-09-01T20:05:42.021955767Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":5.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"medium"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:45.102284Z"},{"id":"UBUNTU-CVE-2025-21677","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pfcp: Destroy device along with udp socket's netns dismantle. pfcp_newlink() links the device to a list in dev_net(dev) instead of net, where a udp tunnel socket is created. Even when net is removed, the device stays alive on dev_net(dev). Then, removing net triggers the splat below. [0] In this example, pfcp0 is created in ns2, but the udp socket is created in ns1.   ip netns add ns1   ip netns add ns2   ip -n ns1 link add netns ns2 name pfcp0 type pfcp   ip netns del ns1 Let's link the device to the socket's netns instead. Now, pfcp_net_exit() needs another netdev iteration to remove all pfcp devices in the netns. pfcp_dev_list is not used under RCU, so the list API is converted to the non-RCU variant. pfcp_net_exit() can be converted to .exit_batch_rtnl() in net-next. [0]: ref_tracker: net notrefcnt@00000000128b34dc has 1/1 users at      sk_alloc (./include/net/net_namespace.h:345 net/core/sock.c:2236)      inet_create (net/ipv4/af_inet.c:326 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:252)      __sock_create (net/socket.c:1558)      udp_sock_create4 (net/ipv4/udp_tunnel_core.c:18)      pfcp_create_sock (drivers/net/pfcp.c:168)      pfcp_newlink (drivers/net/pfcp.c:182 drivers/net/pfcp.c:197)      rtnl_newlink (net/core/rtnetlink.c:3786 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3897 net/core/rtnetlink.c:4012)      rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6922)      netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2542)      netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1321 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1347)      netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1891)      ____sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:711 net/socket.c:726 net/socket.c:2583)      ___sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2639)      __sys_sendmsg (net/socket.c:2669)      do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)      entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130) WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 11 at lib/ref_tracker.c:179 ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) Modules linked in: CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 11 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc5-00147-g4c1224501e9d #5 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 Workqueue: netns cleanup_net RIP: 0010:ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179) Code: 00 00 00 fc ff df 4d 8b 26 49 bd 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de 4c 39 f5 0f 85 df 00 00 00 48 8b 74 24 08 48 89 df e8 a5 cc 12 02 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 90 48 8d 6b 44 be 04 00 00 00 48 89 ef e8 80 de 67 ff 48 89 RSP: 0018:ff11000007f3fb60 EFLAGS: 00010286 RAX: 00000000000020ef RBX: ff1100000d6481e0 RCX: 1ffffffff0e40d82 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffffffff8423ee3c RBP: ff1100000d648230 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: fffffbfff0e395af R10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff1100000d648230 R13: dead000000000100 R14: ff1100000d648230 R15: dffffc0000000000 FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ff1100006ce80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00005620e1363990 CR3: 000000000eeb2002 CR4: 0000000000771ef0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe07f0 DR7: 0000000000000400 PKRU: 55555554 Call Trace:  \u003cTASK\u003e  ? __warn (kernel/panic.c:748)  ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)  ? report_bug (lib/bug.c:201 lib/bug.c:219)  ? handle_bug (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:285)  ? exc_invalid_op (arch/x86/kernel/traps.c:309 (discriminator 1))  ? asm_exc_invalid_op (./arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:621)  ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:42 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:97 ./arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:155 ./include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:151 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)  ? ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:179)  ? __pfx_ref_tracker_dir_exit (lib/ref_tracker.c:158)  ? kfree (mm/slub.c:4613 mm/slub.c:4761)  net_free (net/core/net_namespace.c:476 net/core/net_namespace.c:467)  cleanup_net (net/cor ---truncated---","status":"published","published":"2025-01-31T12:15:00Z","modified":"2026-07-31T14:33:16.190434405Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":5.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"medium"},{"version":"3.1","score":7.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T16:55:22.579335Z"},{"id":"USN-7445-1","title":"linux, linux-aws, linux-gcp, linux-hwe-6.11, linux-lowlatency, linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11, linux-oem-6.11, linux-oracle, linux-raspi, linux-realtime vulnerabilities","description":"Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel.\nAn attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system.\nThis update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:\n  - GPIO subsystem;\n  - GPU drivers;\n  - IRQ chip drivers;\n  - Network drivers;\n  - Mellanox network drivers;\n  - x86 platform drivers;\n  - i.MX PM domains;\n  - SCSI subsystem;\n  - USB Serial drivers;\n  - AFS file system;\n  - GFS2 file system;\n  - File systems infrastructure;\n  - Proc file system;\n  - SMB network file system;\n  - Timer subsystem;\n  - Kernel CPU control infrastructure;\n  - Memory management;\n  - Networking core;\n  - Ethtool driver;\n  - IEEE 802.15.4 subsystem;\n  - Open vSwitch;\n  - Network traffic control;\n  - VMware vSockets driver;\n(CVE-2025-21685, CVE-2025-21684, CVE-2025-21756, CVE-2025-21670,\nCVE-2024-57949, CVE-2025-21677, CVE-2025-21680, CVE-2025-21703,\nCVE-2024-57952, CVE-2025-21674, CVE-2025-21701, CVE-2025-21691,\nCVE-2025-21689, CVE-2025-21668, CVE-2025-21665, CVE-2025-21683,\nCVE-2025-21675, CVE-2025-21672, CVE-2024-57948, CVE-2025-21669,\nCVE-2025-21673, CVE-2025-21692, CVE-2025-21699, CVE-2025-21702,\nCVE-2025-21682, CVE-2025-21690, CVE-2025-21681, CVE-2025-21695,\nCVE-2025-21696, CVE-2025-21700, CVE-2025-21678, CVE-2025-21676,\nCVE-2024-57950, CVE-2025-21666, CVE-2025-21694, CVE-2025-21693,\nCVE-2025-21993, CVE-2024-57951, CVE-2025-21697, CVE-2025-21667)\n","status":"published","published":"2025-04-23T12:12:22Z","modified":"2026-10-30T21:53:57.165760554Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T16:58:19.988474Z"},{"id":"USN-7448-1","title":"linux-azure, linux-azure-6.11 vulnerabilities","description":"It was discovered that the CIFS network file system implementation in the\nLinux kernel did not properly verify the target namespace when handling\nupcalls. An attacker could use this to expose sensitive information.\n(CVE-2025-2312)\n\nSeveral security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel.\nAn attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system.\nThis update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:\n  - GPIO subsystem;\n  - GPU drivers;\n  - IRQ chip drivers;\n  - Network drivers;\n  - Mellanox network drivers;\n  - x86 platform drivers;\n  - i.MX PM domains;\n  - SCSI subsystem;\n  - USB Serial drivers;\n  - AFS file system;\n  - GFS2 file system;\n  - File systems infrastructure;\n  - Proc file system;\n  - SMB network file system;\n  - Timer subsystem;\n  - Kernel CPU control infrastructure;\n  - Memory management;\n  - Networking core;\n  - Ethtool driver;\n  - IEEE 802.15.4 subsystem;\n  - Open vSwitch;\n  - Network traffic control;\n  - VMware vSockets driver;\n(CVE-2025-21694, CVE-2025-21993, CVE-2025-21684, CVE-2025-21681,\nCVE-2025-21675, CVE-2025-21672, CVE-2025-21696, CVE-2025-21691,\nCVE-2025-21683, CVE-2025-21666, CVE-2025-21682, CVE-2025-21697,\nCVE-2025-21668, CVE-2025-21701, CVE-2025-21670, CVE-2025-21676,\nCVE-2025-21695, CVE-2025-21692, CVE-2025-21674, CVE-2025-21699,\nCVE-2024-57948, CVE-2025-21677, CVE-2024-57951, CVE-2025-21702,\nCVE-2025-21700, CVE-2024-57949, CVE-2025-21669, CVE-2025-21703,\nCVE-2025-21756, CVE-2025-21667, CVE-2024-57952, CVE-2024-57950,\nCVE-2025-21685, CVE-2025-21693, CVE-2025-21678, CVE-2025-21665,\nCVE-2025-21680, CVE-2025-21689, CVE-2025-21690, CVE-2025-21673)\n","status":"published","published":"2025-04-23T12:57:10Z","modified":"2026-10-30T21:53:47.95911462Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T16:58:19.988474Z"}]}}