{"id":"CVE-2025-54887","aliases":["EUVD-2025-23966","GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73"],"status":"published","title":"jwe: Missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWEs","description":"jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-10","score":0.00268,"percentile":0.19131,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":true,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-354"],"published":"2025-08-07T20:55:35Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:31:09Z","exploits":[{"source":"pocgithub","id":"shinigami-777/PoC_CVE-2025-54887","title":"shinigami-777/PoC_CVE-2025-54887","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://github.com/shinigami-777/PoC_CVE-2025-54887"}],"fixes":[{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","package":"jwe","fixed_in":["1.1.1"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"RubyGems","package":"jwe","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"last_affected":"1.1.0"},{"fixed":"1.1.1"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"RubyGems","package":"jwe","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.1.1"}]}],"versions":["0.1.0","0.1.1","0.2.0","0.3.0","0.3.1","0.4.0","1.0.0","1.1.0"]}],"products":[{"vendor":"jwt","product":"ruby-jwe"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwe/security/advisories/GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73","tags":["x_refsource_CONFIRM","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwe/commit/1e719d79ba3d7aadaa39a2f08c25df077a0f9ff1","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","fix","web"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54887","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/jwe/CVE-2025-54887.yml","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73"},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2025/54xxx/CVE-2025-54887.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwe","tags":["package"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2025-54887","title":"jwe: Missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWEs","description":"jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.","status":"published","published":"2025-08-08T00:06:20.021Z","modified":"2025-08-08T16:43:15.548Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical","assessor":"cna"}],"cwes":["CWE-354"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:32:27.603809Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2025-23966","description":"jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.","status":"published","published":"2025-08-08T00:06:20Z","modified":"2025-08-08T16:43:15Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T20:31:59.900029Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73","title":"JWE is missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWE","description":"### Overview\nThe authentication tag of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs.\n\n### Impact\n- JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value\n- JWEs can be decrypted by observing parsing differences\n- The GCM internal [GHASH key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois/Counter_Mode#:~:text=\\)%20is%20the-,hash%20key,-%2C%20a%20string%20of) can be recovered\n\n\n### Am I Affected?\nYou are affected by this vulnerability even if you do not use an `AES-GCM` encryption algorithm for your JWEs.\n\n### Patches\nThe version 1.1.1 fixes the issue by adding the tag length check for the `AES-GCM` algorithm.\n\n**Important:** As the [GHASH key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois/Counter_Mode#:~:text=\\)%20is%20the-,hash%20key,-%2C%20a%20string%20of) could have leaked, you must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading to version 1.1.1.\n\n### References\n[Félix Charette talk at NorthSec 2025 about the issue](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IT659uUXfs\u0026t=15830s)","status":"published","published":"2025-08-07T20:55:35Z","modified":"2025-08-08T19:30:01Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-354"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:38:52.85141Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2025-54887","description":"jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.","status":"published","published":"2025-08-08T01:15:25.287Z","modified":"2026-06-17T09:40:52.227Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-354"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:11:22.319351Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2025-54887","title":"jwe: Missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWEs","description":"jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.","status":"published","published":"2025-08-08T00:06:20.021Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:31:09.652301174Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-354"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:44:50.863921Z"},{"id":"GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73","title":"JWE is missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWE","description":"### Overview\nThe authentication tag of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs.\n\n### Impact\n- JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value\n- JWEs can be decrypted by observing parsing differences\n- The GCM internal [GHASH key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois/Counter_Mode#:~:text=\\)%20is%20the-,hash%20key,-%2C%20a%20string%20of) can be recovered\n\n\n### Am I Affected?\nYou are affected by this vulnerability even if you do not use an `AES-GCM` encryption algorithm for your JWEs.\n\n### Patches\nThe version 1.1.1 fixes the issue by adding the tag length check for the `AES-GCM` algorithm.\n\n**Important:** As the [GHASH key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois/Counter_Mode#:~:text=\\)%20is%20the-,hash%20key,-%2C%20a%20string%20of) could have leaked, you must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading to version 1.1.1.\n\n### References\n[Félix Charette talk at NorthSec 2025 about the issue](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IT659uUXfs\u0026t=15830s)","status":"published","published":"2025-08-07T20:55:35Z","modified":"2025-08-08T19:39:11.576065Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-354"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:44.571161Z"}]}}