{"id":"CVE-2025-65855","aliases":["EUVD-2025-203902","GHSA-2g9h-hx22-r5p2"],"status":"published","title":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware...","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":6.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"medium","assessor":"adp","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-09","score":0.00104,"percentile":0.01022,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":true,"fix_available":false},"cwes":["CWE-319","CWE-494","CWE-798"],"published":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","modified":"2026-10-13T11:10:00Z","exploits":[{"source":"pocgithub","id":"LuisMirandaAcebedo/CVE-2025-65855","title":"LuisMirandaAcebedo/CVE-2025-65855","date":"2025-12-15","url":"https://github.com/LuisMirandaAcebedo/CVE-2025-65855"}],"products":[{"vendor":"netun","product":"helpflash_iot_firmware"}],"references":[{"url":"https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.3.2/","tags":["Product"]},{"url":"https://luismirandaacebedo.github.io/CVE-2025-65855/","tags":["Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65855"},{"url":"https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.3.2"},{"url":"https://luismirandaacebedo.github.io/CVE-2025-65855"},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2g9h-hx22-r5p2"}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2025-65855","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","status":"published","published":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","modified":"2025-12-17T16:52:08.227Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":6.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"medium","assessor":"adp"}],"cwes":["CWE-798","CWE-494","CWE-319"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:32:26.64278Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2025-203902","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","status":"published","published":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","modified":"2025-12-17T16:52:08Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":6.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"medium"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T19:49:03.481924Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-2g9h-hx22-r5p2","title":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware...","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","status":"published","published":"2025-12-17T18:31:34Z","modified":"2025-12-17T18:31:45Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":6.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"medium"}],"cwes":["CWE-319"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:05:14.584234Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2025-65855","description":"The OTA firmware update mechanism in Netun Solutions HelpFlash IoT (firmware v18_178_221102_ASCII_PRO_1R5_50) uses hard-coded WiFi credentials identical across all devices and does not authenticate update servers or validate firmware signatures. An attacker with brief physical access can activate OTA mode (8-second button press), create a malicious WiFi AP using the known credentials, and serve malicious firmware via unauthenticated HTTP to achieve arbitrary code execution on this safety-critical emergency signaling device.","status":"published","published":"2025-12-17T17:15:50.657Z","modified":"2026-10-13T11:10:00.203Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":6.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"medium","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-319","CWE-494","CWE-798"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:11:51.309584Z"}]}}