{"id":"CVE-2026-28391","aliases":["EUVD-2026-9891","GHSA-qj77-c3c8-9c3q"],"status":"published","title":"OpenClaw \u003c 2026.2.2 - Command Injection via cmd.exe Parsing Bypass in Allowlist Enforcement","description":"OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.2 fail to properly validate Windows cmd.exe metacharacters in allowlist-gated exec requests (non-default configuration), allowing attackers to bypass command approval restrictions. Remote attackers can craft command strings with shell metacharacters like \u0026 or %...% to execute unapproved commands beyond the allowlisted operations.","severity":{"version":"4.0","score":9.2,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-12","score":0.0058,"percentile":0.48185,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":false,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-78"],"published":"2026-02-17T16:44:11Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:58Z","fixes":[{"ecosystem":"npm","package":"openclaw","fixed_in":["2026.2.2"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"npm","package":"openclaw","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2026.2.2"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"npm","package":"openclaw","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2026.2.2"}]}]}],"products":[{"vendor":"openclaw","product":"openclaw"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-qj77-c3c8-9c3q","tags":["vendor-advisory","Vendor Advisory","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/a7f4a53ce80c98ba1452eb90802d447fca9bf3d6","tags":["patch","Patch","fix","web"]},{"url":"https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-command-injection-via-cmdexe-parsing-bypass-in-allowlist-enforcement","tags":["third-party-advisory","Broken Link","Third Party Advisory","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.2","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28391","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-qj77-c3c8-9c3q"},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/28xxx/CVE-2026-28391.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw","tags":["package"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2026-28391","title":"OpenClaw \u003c 2026.2.2 - Command Injection via cmd.exe Parsing Bypass in Allowlist Enforcement","description":"OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.2 fail to properly validate Windows cmd.exe metacharacters in allowlist-gated exec requests (non-default configuration), allowing attackers to bypass command approval restrictions. Remote attackers can craft command strings with shell metacharacters like \u0026 or %...% to execute unapproved commands beyond the allowlisted operations.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-05T21:59:19.792Z","modified":"2026-03-10T14:40:44.68Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.2,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical","assessor":"cna"},{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"cna"}],"cwes":["CWE-78"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:20:01.969981Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2026-9891","description":"OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.2 fail to properly validate Windows cmd.exe metacharacters in allowlist-gated exec requests (non-default configuration), allowing attackers to bypass command approval restrictions. Remote attackers can craft command strings with shell metacharacters like \u0026 or %...% to execute unapproved commands beyond the allowlisted operations.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-05T21:59:19Z","modified":"2026-03-10T14:40:44Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.2,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T19:48:05.412027Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-qj77-c3c8-9c3q","title":"OpenClaw's Windows cmd.exe parsing may bypass exec allowlist/approval gating","description":"### Summary\n\nOn Windows nodes, exec requests were executed via `cmd.exe /d /s /c \u003crawCommand\u003e`. In allowlist/approval-gated mode, the allowlist analysis did not model Windows `cmd.exe` parsing and metacharacter behavior. A crafted command string could cause `cmd.exe` to interpret additional operations (for example command chaining via `\u0026`, or expansion via `%...%` / `!...!`) beyond what was allowlisted/approved.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: `\u003c= 2026.2.1`\n- Patched: `\u003e= 2026.2.2`\n- Latest (npm) as of 2026-02-14: `2026.2.13`\n\n### Details\n\n- Default installs: Not affected unless you opt into exec allowlist/approval gating on Windows nodes.\n- Windows execution uses `cmd.exe` via `src/infra/node-shell.ts`.\n- The fix hardens Windows allowlist enforcement by:\n  - Passing the platform into allowlist analysis and rejecting Windows shell metacharacters.\n  - Treating `cmd.exe` invocation as not allowlist-safe on Windows.\n  - Avoiding `cmd.exe` entirely in allowlist mode by executing the parsed argv directly when possible.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `a7f4a53ce80c98ba1452eb90802d447fca9bf3d6`\n\nThanks @simecek for reporting.","status":"published","published":"2026-02-17T16:44:11Z","modified":"2026-03-10T18:41:44Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":7.4,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"high"},{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-78"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:39:33.538417Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2026-28391","description":"OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.2 fail to properly validate Windows cmd.exe metacharacters in allowlist-gated exec requests (non-default configuration), allowing attackers to bypass command approval restrictions. Remote attackers can craft command strings with shell metacharacters like \u0026 or %...% to execute unapproved commands beyond the allowlisted operations.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-05T22:16:15.36Z","modified":"2026-06-17T10:28:32.127Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.2,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","level":"critical","assessor":"secondary"},{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-78"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:12:07.852448Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2026-28391","title":"OpenClaw \u003c 2026.2.2 - Command Injection via cmd.exe Parsing Bypass in Allowlist Enforcement","description":"OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.2 fail to properly validate Windows cmd.exe metacharacters in allowlist-gated exec requests (non-default configuration), allowing attackers to bypass command approval restrictions. Remote attackers can craft command strings with shell metacharacters like \u0026 or %...% to execute unapproved commands beyond the allowlisted operations.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-05T21:59:19.792Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:58.975303647Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.2,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:00.180685Z"},{"id":"GHSA-qj77-c3c8-9c3q","title":"OpenClaw's Windows cmd.exe parsing may bypass exec allowlist/approval gating","description":"### Summary\n\nOn Windows nodes, exec requests were executed via `cmd.exe /d /s /c \u003crawCommand\u003e`. In allowlist/approval-gated mode, the allowlist analysis did not model Windows `cmd.exe` parsing and metacharacter behavior. A crafted command string could cause `cmd.exe` to interpret additional operations (for example command chaining via `\u0026`, or expansion via `%...%` / `!...!`) beyond what was allowlisted/approved.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: `\u003c= 2026.2.1`\n- Patched: `\u003e= 2026.2.2`\n- Latest (npm) as of 2026-02-14: `2026.2.13`\n\n### Details\n\n- Default installs: Not affected unless you opt into exec allowlist/approval gating on Windows nodes.\n- Windows execution uses `cmd.exe` via `src/infra/node-shell.ts`.\n- The fix hardens Windows allowlist enforcement by:\n  - Passing the platform into allowlist analysis and rejecting Windows shell metacharacters.\n  - Treating `cmd.exe` invocation as not allowlist-safe on Windows.\n  - Avoiding `cmd.exe` entirely in allowlist mode by executing the parsed argv directly when possible.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `a7f4a53ce80c98ba1452eb90802d447fca9bf3d6`\n\nThanks @simecek for reporting.","status":"published","published":"2026-02-17T16:44:11Z","modified":"2026-03-10T18:47:20.506886Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"},{"version":"4.0","score":7.4,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-78"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:54.760124Z"}]}}