{"id":"CVE-2026-49476","aliases":["DEBIAN-CVE-2026-49476","EUVD-2026-44539","GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x","OESA-2026-3619","OESA-2026-3620","OESA-2026-3621","OESA-2026-3762","PYSEC-2026-3071","RHSA-2026:23992","RHSA-2026:34119","ROOT-APP-PYPI-CVE-2026-49476","SUSE-SU-2026:22660-1","SUSE-SU-2026:3239-1","SUSE-SU-2026:3240-1","UBUNTU-CVE-2026-49476","openSUSE-SU-2026:21342-1"],"status":"published","title":"Soup Sieve: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists in soupsieve","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","severity":{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-09","score":0.00644,"percentile":0.51159,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":false,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-400","CWE-770"],"published":"2026-07-09T13:37:40Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:55Z","fixes":[{"ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"soupsieve","fixed_in":["2.8.4"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Debian:14","package":"soupsieve","fixed_in":["2.8.4-1"],"sources":["osv"]},{"ecosystem":"Root:PyPI","package":"rootio-soupsieve","fixed_in":["2.8.3+root.io.1","2.8.1+root.io.1","2.6+root.io.1","2.8.1+root.io.2","2.7+root.io.1"],"sources":["osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"last_affected":"2.8.3"},{"fixed":"2.8.4"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Debian:12","package":"soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["2.3.2-1","2.4-1","2.4.1-1","2.4.1-2","2.5-1","2.6-1","2.7-1","2.7-2","2.8.1-1","2.8.3-1","2.8.4-1"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Debian:13","package":"soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"}]}],"versions":["2.7-1","2.7-2","2.8.1-1","2.8.3-1","2.8.4-1"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Debian:14","package":"soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.8.4-1"}]}],"versions":["2.7-1","2.7-2","2.8.1-1","2.8.3-1"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.8.4"}]}],"versions":["0.4","0.5","0.5.1","0.5.2","0.5.3","0.6","1.0","1.0.1","1.0.2","1.0b1","1.0b2","1.1","1.2","1.2.1","1.3","1.3.1","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.6.1","1.6.2","1.7","1.7.1","1.7.2","1.7.3","1.8","1.9","1.9.1","1.9.2","1.9.3","1.9.4","1.9.5","1.9.6","2.0","2.0.1","2.1","2.2","2.2.1","2.3","2.3.1","2.3.2","2.3.2.post1","2.4","2.4.1","2.5","2.6","2.7","2.8","2.8.1","2.8.2","2.8.3"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"openEuler:22.03-LTS-SP4","package":"python-soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.2-3.oe2203sp4"}]}],"bundled":2},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"openEuler:24.03-LTS-SP1","package":"python-soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.4-2.oe2403sp1"}]}],"bundled":2},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"openEuler:24.03-LTS-SP3","package":"python-soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.4-2.oe2403sp3"}]}],"bundled":2},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"openEuler:24.03-LTS-SP4","package":"python-soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.4-2.oe2403sp4"}]}],"bundled":2},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.8.4"}]}],"versions":["0.4","0.5","0.5.1","0.5.2","0.5.3","0.6","1.0","1.0.1","1.0.2","1.0b1","1.0b2","1.1","1.2","1.2.1","1.3","1.3.1","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.6.1","1.6.2","1.7","1.7.1","1.7.2","1.7.3","1.8","1.9","1.9.1","1.9.2","1.9.3","1.9.4","1.9.5","1.9.6","2.0","2.0.1","2.1","2.2","2.2.1","2.3","2.3.1","2.3.2","2.3.2.post1","2.4","2.4.1","2.5","2.6","2.7","2.8","2.8.1","2.8.2","2.8.3"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"Red 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16.0","package":"python-soupsieve","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"2.6-160000.4.1"}]}],"bundled":2}],"products":[{"vendor":"facelessuser","product":"soup_sieve"},{"vendor":"facelessuser","product":"soupsieve"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve/security/advisories/GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x","tags":["x_refsource_CONFIRM","exploit","Exploit","Vendor Advisory","advisory","web","article","report"]},{"url":"https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve/commit/28108ab805818c832d9568142a99844fd95a0d39","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","Patch","fix","article","report"]},{"url":"https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve/releases/tag/2.8.4","tags":["x_refsource_MISC","Release Notes","web","article","report"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/49xxx/CVE-2026-49476.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49476","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2026-49476","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve","tags":["package"]},{"url":"https://www.openeuler.org/zh/security/security-bulletins/detail/?id=openEuler-SA-2026-3619","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49477","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.openeuler.org/zh/security/security-bulletins/detail/?id=openEuler-SA-2026-3620","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.openeuler.org/zh/security/security-bulletins/detail/?id=openEuler-SA-2026-3621","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.openeuler.org/zh/security/security-bulletins/detail/?id=openEuler-SA-2026-3762","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://pypi.org/project/soupsieve","tags":["package"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23992","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://images.redhat.com/","tags":["article"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-49477","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/","tags":["article"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-49476","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/advisories/2026/rhsa-2026_23992.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2500715","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-49476","tags":["advisory","report"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2500752","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-49477","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve/commit/eb4397618709186c109400448c6043b728217dc3","tags":["article"]},{"url":"https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve/security/advisories/GHSA-836r-79rf-4m37","tags":["article"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34119","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-45409","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-44431","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/advisories/2026/rhsa-2026_34119.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2477167","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-44431","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44431","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-qccp-gfcp-xxvc","tags":["article"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2485616","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-45409","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45409","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/kjd/idna/security/advisories/GHSA-65pc-fj4g-8rjx","tags":["article"]},{"url":"https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2026/suse-su-202622660-1/","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.suse.com/1271187","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.suse.com/1271188","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-49476","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-49477","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2026/suse-su-20263239-1/","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.suse.com/1256316","tags":["report"]},{"url":"https://www.suse.com/support/update/announcement/2026/suse-su-20263240-1/","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-49476","tags":["report"]},{"url":"","tags":["advisory"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2026-49476","title":"Soup Sieve: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists in soupsieve","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T20:53:12.497Z","modified":"2026-07-15T14:27:06.146Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high","assessor":"cna"}],"cwes":["CWE-400","CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T13:35:10.963527Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2026-44539","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T20:53:12Z","modified":"2026-07-15T14:27:06Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T18:19:52.740004Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x","title":"Soup Sieve has Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists","description":"### Summary\n\nThe CSS selector parser in soupsieve (the CSS selector engine for Beautiful Soup 4) allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists. An attacker who can supply a crafted CSS selector string to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup's `.select()` / `.select_one()` can cause the application to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input, leading to memory exhaustion and denial of service.\n\nTo be completely transparent, AI tools helped surface this issue. However, it was independently reproduced and carefully validated. Researchers follow responsible disclosure practices and originally shared this report privately.\n\nA **500 KB** selector string triggers allocation of approximately **244 MB** of heap memory - a 488x— amplification ratio**.\n\n### Details\n\n**Affected code:** `soupsieve/css_parser.py`, lines ~204, 925, 1106\n\nThe soupsieve CSS parser splits comma-separated selector lists and creates one `CSSSelector` object per list item. Each `CSSSelector` object contains parsed selector data structures including `SelectorList`, `Selector`, and associated tag/attribute/pseudo-class metadata.\n\nWhen a selector string such as `a,a,a,...` (with 250,000 comma-separated items) is passed to `sv.compile()`, the parser:\n\n1. Tokenises the entire string and identifies each comma-delimited segment (line ~1106)\n2. Parses each segment into a full `Selector` object with all associated metadata (line ~925)\n3. Stores all parsed selectors in a `SelectorList` (line ~204)\n\n**Root cause:** No limit is enforced on the number of selectors in a comma-separated list. The parser will attempt to parse and store an arbitrary number of selectors, with each selector object consuming approximately **976 bytes** of heap memory. The total allocation scales linearly with the number of list items, but the amplification ratio (output memory / input bytes) is extremely high because each single-character selector like `a` expands into a complex object graph.\n\n**Attack surface:** Any application that passes user-supplied CSS selectors to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup's `.select()` / `.select_one()`.\n\n### Proof of Concept\n\n```python\nimport tracemalloc\nimport soupsieve as sv\n\ntracemalloc.start()\n\n# Build a 500 KB selector string: \"a,a,a,...,a\" (250,000 items)\ncount = 250_000\nselector = \",\".join(\"a\" for _ in range(count))\nprint(f\"Selector string size: {len(selector):,} bytes ({len(selector) / 1024:.0f} KB)\")\n\n# Compile the selector — this allocates ~244 MB\ncompiled = sv.compile(selector)\n\ncurrent, peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()\ntracemalloc.stop()\n\nprint(f\"Compiled selector count: {len(compiled.selectors):,}\")\nprint(f\"Current memory: {current / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Peak memory: {peak / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Amplification ratio: {peak / len(selector):.0f}x\")\n\n# Expected output:\n# Selector string size: 499,999 bytes (488 KB)\n# Compiled selector count: 250,000\n# Current memory: ~244 MB\n# Peak memory: ~244 MB\n# Amplification ratio: ~488x\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n**Severity: High**\n\nAn attacker can exhaust available memory on any server-side Python application that compiles user-supplied CSS selectors via soupsieve. This can cause:\n\n- **OOM kills** in containerised deployments (Kubernetes pods, Docker containers) with memory limits\n- **Swap thrashing** on bare-metal servers, degrading performance for all co-located processes\n- **Process termination** via Python's `MemoryError` exception if the system runs out of addressable memory\n\n| Parameter | Value |\n|---|---|\n| Input size | ~500 KB selector string |\n| Memory allocated | ~244 MB |\n| Amplification ratio | ~488× |\n| Per-object overhead | ~976 bytes per selector |\n| Authentication required | None |\n| User interaction required | None |\n\n**Scalability of attack:** The memory allocation scales linearly - doubling the selector count doubles memory usage. An attacker can tune the payload to exactly exhaust a target's memory limits. Multiple concurrent requests multiply the effect.\n\n**Downstream exposure:** soupsieve is an automatic dependency of `beautifulsoup4`, one of the most widely installed Python packages. Any web application accepting CSS selectors from users (e.g., web scraping APIs, content filtering tools, CMS preview features) is potentially affected.\n\n---\n### Credit\n\nDiscovered by a security research team from the University of Sydney, focused on detecting open source software vulnerabilities.\nLiyi Zhou: https://lzhou1110.github.io/\nZiyue Wang: https://zyy0530.github.io/\nStrick: https://str1ckl4nd.github.io/\nMaurice: https://maurice.busystar.org/\nChenchen Yu: https://7thparkk.github.io/","status":"published","published":"2026-07-09T13:37:40Z","modified":"2026-07-09T13:37:40Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-400","CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:40:41.501474Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2026-49476","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T21:17:01.877Z","modified":"2026-10-24T21:10:00.13Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-400","CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:12:29.879716Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2026-49476","title":"Soup Sieve: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists in soupsieve","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T20:53:12.497Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:30:55.821195884Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-400","CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:07.060148Z"},{"id":"DEBIAN-CVE-2026-49476","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T21:17:01.877Z","modified":"2026-10-25T09:47:40.560882705Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:56.444225Z"},{"id":"GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x","title":"Soup Sieve has Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists","description":"### Summary\n\nThe CSS selector parser in soupsieve (the CSS selector engine for Beautiful Soup 4) allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists. An attacker who can supply a crafted CSS selector string to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup's `.select()` / `.select_one()` can cause the application to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input, leading to memory exhaustion and denial of service.\n\nTo be completely transparent, AI tools helped surface this issue. However, it was independently reproduced and carefully validated. Researchers follow responsible disclosure practices and originally shared this report privately.\n\nA **500 KB** selector string triggers allocation of approximately **244 MB** of heap memory - a 488x— amplification ratio**.\n\n### Details\n\n**Affected code:** `soupsieve/css_parser.py`, lines ~204, 925, 1106\n\nThe soupsieve CSS parser splits comma-separated selector lists and creates one `CSSSelector` object per list item. Each `CSSSelector` object contains parsed selector data structures including `SelectorList`, `Selector`, and associated tag/attribute/pseudo-class metadata.\n\nWhen a selector string such as `a,a,a,...` (with 250,000 comma-separated items) is passed to `sv.compile()`, the parser:\n\n1. Tokenises the entire string and identifies each comma-delimited segment (line ~1106)\n2. Parses each segment into a full `Selector` object with all associated metadata (line ~925)\n3. Stores all parsed selectors in a `SelectorList` (line ~204)\n\n**Root cause:** No limit is enforced on the number of selectors in a comma-separated list. The parser will attempt to parse and store an arbitrary number of selectors, with each selector object consuming approximately **976 bytes** of heap memory. The total allocation scales linearly with the number of list items, but the amplification ratio (output memory / input bytes) is extremely high because each single-character selector like `a` expands into a complex object graph.\n\n**Attack surface:** Any application that passes user-supplied CSS selectors to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup's `.select()` / `.select_one()`.\n\n### Proof of Concept\n\n```python\nimport tracemalloc\nimport soupsieve as sv\n\ntracemalloc.start()\n\n# Build a 500 KB selector string: \"a,a,a,...,a\" (250,000 items)\ncount = 250_000\nselector = \",\".join(\"a\" for _ in range(count))\nprint(f\"Selector string size: {len(selector):,} bytes ({len(selector) / 1024:.0f} KB)\")\n\n# Compile the selector — this allocates ~244 MB\ncompiled = sv.compile(selector)\n\ncurrent, peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()\ntracemalloc.stop()\n\nprint(f\"Compiled selector count: {len(compiled.selectors):,}\")\nprint(f\"Current memory: {current / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Peak memory: {peak / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Amplification ratio: {peak / len(selector):.0f}x\")\n\n# Expected output:\n# Selector string size: 499,999 bytes (488 KB)\n# Compiled selector count: 250,000\n# Current memory: ~244 MB\n# Peak memory: ~244 MB\n# Amplification ratio: ~488x\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n**Severity: High**\n\nAn attacker can exhaust available memory on any server-side Python application that compiles user-supplied CSS selectors via soupsieve. This can cause:\n\n- **OOM kills** in containerised deployments (Kubernetes pods, Docker containers) with memory limits\n- **Swap thrashing** on bare-metal servers, degrading performance for all co-located processes\n- **Process termination** via Python's `MemoryError` exception if the system runs out of addressable memory\n\n| Parameter | Value |\n|---|---|\n| Input size | ~500 KB selector string |\n| Memory allocated | ~244 MB |\n| Amplification ratio | ~488× |\n| Per-object overhead | ~976 bytes per selector |\n| Authentication required | None |\n| User interaction required | None |\n\n**Scalability of attack:** The memory allocation scales linearly - doubling the selector count doubles memory usage. An attacker can tune the payload to exactly exhaust a target's memory limits. Multiple concurrent requests multiply the effect.\n\n**Downstream exposure:** soupsieve is an automatic dependency of `beautifulsoup4`, one of the most widely installed Python packages. Any web application accepting CSS selectors from users (e.g., web scraping APIs, content filtering tools, CMS preview features) is potentially affected.\n\n---\n### Credit\n\nDiscovered by a security research team from the University of Sydney, focused on detecting open source software vulnerabilities.\nLiyi Zhou: https://lzhou1110.github.io/\nZiyue Wang: https://zyy0530.github.io/\nStrick: https://str1ckl4nd.github.io/\nMaurice: https://maurice.busystar.org/\nChenchen Yu: https://7thparkk.github.io/","status":"published","published":"2026-07-09T13:37:40Z","modified":"2026-09-10T03:50:51.299551127Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"cwes":["CWE-400","CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:34.700741Z"},{"id":"OESA-2026-3619","title":"python-soupsieve security update","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. It aims to provide selecting, matching, and filtering using modern CSS selectors. Soup Sieve currently provides selectors from the CSS level 1 specifications up through the latest CSS level 4 drafts and beyond (though some are not yet implemented).\r\n\r\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49476)\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve contains a regular expression vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking when processing an attribute selector with an unterminated quoted value in soupsieve/css_parser.py, allowing an attacker who can supply untrusted CSS selector strings to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to cause CPU exhaustion and denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49477)","status":"published","published":"2026-09-05T15:03:13Z","modified":"2026-09-05T15:16:23.147274891Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:52:47.217107Z"},{"id":"OESA-2026-3620","title":"python-soupsieve security update","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. It aims to provide selecting, matching, and filtering using modern CSS selectors. Soup Sieve currently provides selectors from the CSS level 1 specifications up through the latest CSS level 4 drafts and beyond (though some are not yet implemented).\r\n\r\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49476)\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve contains a regular expression vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking when processing an attribute selector with an unterminated quoted value in soupsieve/css_parser.py, allowing an attacker who can supply untrusted CSS selector strings to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to cause CPU exhaustion and denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49477)","status":"published","published":"2026-09-05T15:03:13Z","modified":"2026-09-05T15:16:23.315108807Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:52:47.217107Z"},{"id":"OESA-2026-3621","title":"python-soupsieve security update","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. It aims to provide selecting, matching, and filtering using modern CSS selectors. Soup Sieve currently provides selectors from the CSS level 1 specifications up through the latest CSS level 4 drafts and beyond (though some are not yet implemented).\r\n\r\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49476)\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve contains a regular expression vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking when processing an attribute selector with an unterminated quoted value in soupsieve/css_parser.py, allowing an attacker who can supply untrusted CSS selector strings to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to cause CPU exhaustion and denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49477)","status":"published","published":"2026-09-05T15:03:14Z","modified":"2026-09-05T15:16:23.15593623Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:52:47.217107Z"},{"id":"OESA-2026-3762","title":"python-soupsieve security update","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. It aims to provide selecting, matching, and filtering using modern CSS selectors. Soup Sieve currently provides selectors from the CSS level 1 specifications up through the latest CSS level 4 drafts and beyond (though some are not yet implemented).\r\n\r\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49476)\n\nSoup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve contains a regular expression vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking when processing an attribute selector with an unterminated quoted value in soupsieve/css_parser.py, allowing an attacker who can supply untrusted CSS selector strings to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to cause CPU exhaustion and denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.(CVE-2026-49477)","status":"published","published":"2026-09-14T16:34:05Z","modified":"2026-09-13T16:45:32.430307054Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:52:47.217107Z"},{"id":"PYSEC-2026-3071","title":"Soup Sieve has Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists","description":"### Summary\n\nThe CSS selector parser in soupsieve (the CSS selector engine for Beautiful Soup 4) allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists. An attacker who can supply a crafted CSS selector string to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup's `.select()` / `.select_one()` can cause the application to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input, leading to memory exhaustion and denial of service.\n\nTo be completely transparent, AI tools helped surface this issue. However, it was independently reproduced and carefully validated. Researchers follow responsible disclosure practices and originally shared this report privately.\n\nA **500 KB** selector string triggers allocation of approximately **244 MB** of heap memory - a 488x— amplification ratio**.\n\n### Details\n\n**Affected code:** `soupsieve/css_parser.py`, lines ~204, 925, 1106\n\nThe soupsieve CSS parser splits comma-separated selector lists and creates one `CSSSelector` object per list item. Each `CSSSelector` object contains parsed selector data structures including `SelectorList`, `Selector`, and associated tag/attribute/pseudo-class metadata.\n\nWhen a selector string such as `a,a,a,...` (with 250,000 comma-separated items) is passed to `sv.compile()`, the parser:\n\n1. Tokenises the entire string and identifies each comma-delimited segment (line ~1106)\n2. Parses each segment into a full `Selector` object with all associated metadata (line ~925)\n3. Stores all parsed selectors in a `SelectorList` (line ~204)\n\n**Root cause:** No limit is enforced on the number of selectors in a comma-separated list. The parser will attempt to parse and store an arbitrary number of selectors, with each selector object consuming approximately **976 bytes** of heap memory. The total allocation scales linearly with the number of list items, but the amplification ratio (output memory / input bytes) is extremely high because each single-character selector like `a` expands into a complex object graph.\n\n**Attack surface:** Any application that passes user-supplied CSS selectors to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup's `.select()` / `.select_one()`.\n\n### Proof of Concept\n\n```python\nimport tracemalloc\nimport soupsieve as sv\n\ntracemalloc.start()\n\n# Build a 500 KB selector string: \"a,a,a,...,a\" (250,000 items)\ncount = 250_000\nselector = \",\".join(\"a\" for _ in range(count))\nprint(f\"Selector string size: {len(selector):,} bytes ({len(selector) / 1024:.0f} KB)\")\n\n# Compile the selector — this allocates ~244 MB\ncompiled = sv.compile(selector)\n\ncurrent, peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()\ntracemalloc.stop()\n\nprint(f\"Compiled selector count: {len(compiled.selectors):,}\")\nprint(f\"Current memory: {current / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Peak memory: {peak / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Amplification ratio: {peak / len(selector):.0f}x\")\n\n# Expected output:\n# Selector string size: 499,999 bytes (488 KB)\n# Compiled selector count: 250,000\n# Current memory: ~244 MB\n# Peak memory: ~244 MB\n# Amplification ratio: ~488x\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n**Severity: High**\n\nAn attacker can exhaust available memory on any server-side Python application that compiles user-supplied CSS selectors via soupsieve. This can cause:\n\n- **OOM kills** in containerised deployments (Kubernetes pods, Docker containers) with memory limits\n- **Swap thrashing** on bare-metal servers, degrading performance for all co-located processes\n- **Process termination** via Python's `MemoryError` exception if the system runs out of addressable memory\n\n| Parameter | Value |\n|---|---|\n| Input size | ~500 KB selector string |\n| Memory allocated | ~244 MB |\n| Amplification ratio | ~488× |\n| Per-object overhead | ~976 bytes per selector |\n| Authentication required | None |\n| User interaction required | None |\n\n**Scalability of attack:** The memory allocation scales linearly - doubling the selector count doubles memory usage. An attacker can tune the payload to exactly exhaust a target's memory limits. Multiple concurrent requests multiply the effect.\n\n**Downstream exposure:** soupsieve is an automatic dependency of `beautifulsoup4`, one of the most widely installed Python packages. Any web application accepting CSS selectors from users (e.g., web scraping APIs, content filtering tools, CMS preview features) is potentially affected.\n\n---\n### Credit\n\nDiscovered by a security research team from the University of Sydney, focused on detecting open source software vulnerabilities.\nLiyi Zhou: https://lzhou1110.github.io/\nZiyue Wang: https://zyy0530.github.io/\nStrick: https://str1ckl4nd.github.io/\nMaurice: https://maurice.busystar.org/\nChenchen Yu: https://7thparkk.github.io/","status":"published","published":"2026-07-13T15:46:30.039329Z","modified":"2026-07-13T16:31:33.7014255Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:52:56.429374Z"},{"id":"RHSA-2026:23992","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Hardened Images RPMs bug fix and enhancement update","status":"withdrawn","published":"2026-07-13T10:05:10Z","modified":"2026-08-09T14:00:16.766021157Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:53:18.983284Z"},{"id":"RHSA-2026:34119","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Hardened Images RPMs bug fix and enhancement update","status":"published","published":"2026-07-10T10:09:38Z","modified":"2026-10-16T10:15:54Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:53:19.963895Z"},{"id":"UBUNTU-CVE-2026-49476","description":"Soup Sieve is a CSS selector library designed to be used with Beautiful Soup 4. Prior to 2.8.4, the CSS selector parser in soupsieve allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists, allowing an attacker who can supply a crafted selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup .select() / .select_one() to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input and cause denial of service. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.4.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T21:17:00Z","modified":"2026-10-17T12:58:58.801290062Z","cvss":[{"version":"3.1","score":7.5,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","level":"high"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T16:56:33.391918Z"},{"id":"openSUSE-SU-2026:21342-1","title":"Security update for python-soupsieve","description":"This update for python-soupsieve fixes the following issues\n\n- CVE-2026-49476: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists (bsc#1271187).\n- CVE-2026-49477: Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via Selector Parser (bsc#1271188).\n","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T10:43:25Z","modified":"2026-07-15T10:00:12.752231685Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T16:58:41.885092Z"},{"id":"ROOT-APP-PYPI-CVE-2026-49476","title":"CVE-2026-49476 in rootio-soupsieve - Patched by Root","description":"Root has patched CVE-2026-49476 in the rootio-soupsieve package for Root:PyPI. Multiple fixed versions available.","status":"published","published":"2026-07-20T08:35:33Z","modified":"2026-07-20T13:15:09.932810195Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:53:28.259095Z"},{"id":"SUSE-SU-2026:22660-1","title":"Security update for python-soupsieve","description":"This update for python-soupsieve fixes the following issues\n\n- CVE-2026-49476: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists (bsc#1271187).\n- CVE-2026-49477: Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via Selector Parser (bsc#1271188).\n","status":"published","published":"2026-07-14T10:40:31Z","modified":"2026-07-17T18:24:06.575854154Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:54:03.080707Z"},{"id":"SUSE-SU-2026:3239-1","title":"Security update for python-soupsieve","description":"This update for python-soupsieve fixes the following issues\n\n- CVE-2026-49476: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists (bsc#1271187).\n- CVE-2026-49477: Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via Selector Parser (bsc#1271188).\n","status":"published","published":"2026-07-24T13:04:51Z","modified":"2026-07-28T18:24:17.283822428Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:54:04.987808Z"},{"id":"SUSE-SU-2026:3240-1","title":"Security update for python-soupsieve","description":"This update for python-soupsieve fixes the following issues\n\n- CVE-2026-49476: Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists (bsc#1271187).\n- CVE-2026-49477: Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via Selector Parser (bsc#1271188).\n","status":"published","published":"2026-07-24T13:05:19Z","modified":"2026-07-28T18:24:15.311705768Z","updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:54:04.987808Z"}]}}