{"id":"CVE-2026-74878","aliases":["EUVD-2026-60097","GHSA-crfx-7r98-6r44","GHSA-h45m-mgcp-q388","PYSEC-2026-3757"],"status":"published","title":"openssl_encrypt before 1.4.0 TOTP Rate Limiter Bypass","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","severity":{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical","assessor":"cna","from":"cve"},"epss":{"day":"2026-11-12","score":0.00749,"percentile":0.55415,"model":"v2026.06.15"},"facts":{"in_kev":false,"known_exploited":false,"public_exploit":false,"fix_available":true},"cwes":["CWE-770"],"published":"2026-03-31T23:41:26Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:31:08Z","fixes":[{"ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"openssl-encrypt","fixed_in":["1.4.0"],"sources":["ghsa","osv"]}],"affected":[{"source":"ghsa","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"openssl-encrypt","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.4.0"}]}]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"openssl-encrypt","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.4.0"}]}],"versions":["0.2.2","0.2.3","0.2.4","0.2.5","0.2.6","0.3.0","0.3.1","0.3.2","0.3.3","0.4.0","0.4.1","0.4.2","0.4.3","0.4.4","0.5.0","0.5.1","0.5.3","0.6.0rc1","0.7.0rc2","0.7.1","0.7.2","0.8.0","0.8.1","0.8.2","0.9.2","1.0.0","1.0.1","1.0.2","1.0.3","1.1.0","1.2.0","1.2.1","1.3.0","1.3.1","1.3.2","1.3.3","1.3.4","1.3.5","1.4.0b3","1.4.0b4","1.4.0b5","1.4.0b6","1.4.0b7","1.4.0b8"]},{"source":"osv","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"openssl-encrypt","ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.4.0"}]}],"versions":["0.2.2","0.2.3","0.2.4","0.2.5","0.2.6","0.3.0","0.3.1","0.3.2","0.3.3","0.4.0","0.4.1","0.4.2","0.4.3","0.4.4","0.5.0","0.5.1","0.5.3","0.6.0rc1","0.7.0rc2","0.7.1","0.7.2","0.8.0","0.8.1","0.8.2","0.9.2","1.0.0","1.0.1","1.0.2","1.0.3","1.1.0","1.2.0","1.2.1","1.3.0","1.3.1","1.3.2","1.3.3","1.3.4","1.3.5","1.4.0b3","1.4.0b4","1.4.0b5","1.4.0b6","1.4.0b7","1.4.0b8"]}],"products":[{"vendor":"jahlives","product":"openssl_encrypt"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt/security/advisories/GHSA-h45m-mgcp-q388","tags":["vendor-advisory","Mitigation","Vendor Advisory","advisory","web"]},{"url":"https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openssl-encrypt-before-totp-rate-limiter-bypass","tags":["third-party-advisory","Third Party Advisory","advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-74878","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-crfx-7r98-6r44"},{"url":"https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt/commit/2749bc0949b34a5921a35fb4a3f1856fc51916de","tags":["web"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-h45m-mgcp-q388"},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/74xxx/CVE-2026-74878.json","tags":["advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt","tags":["package"]}],"sources":{"cve":[{"id":"CVE-2026-74878","title":"openssl_encrypt before 1.4.0 TOTP Rate Limiter Bypass","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","status":"published","published":"2026-08-17T11:04:45.805Z","modified":"2026-10-08T15:24:51.279Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical","assessor":"cna"},{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"cna"}],"cwes":["CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:20:03.4818Z"}],"euvd":[{"id":"EUVD-2026-60097","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","status":"published","published":"2026-08-17T11:04:45Z","modified":"2026-10-08T15:24:51Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T17:27:31.218078Z"}],"ghsa":[{"id":"GHSA-crfx-7r98-6r44","title":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force...","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","status":"published","published":"2026-08-17T12:32:22Z","modified":"2026-08-17T12:32:23Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","level":"critical"},{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:10:34.0369Z"},{"id":"GHSA-h45m-mgcp-q388","title":"openssl-encrypt: TOTP rate limiter is in-memory only — not shared across workers, lost on restart","description":"## Severity: HIGH\n\n### Summary\n\nThe TOTP brute-force rate limiter in `openssl_encrypt_server/modules/pepper/totp.py` at **lines 47-98** uses an in-memory `defaultdict(list)` as a class variable.\n\n### Affected Code\n\n```python\nclass TOTPRateLimiter:\n    def __init__(self, ...):\n        self.attempts: Dict[str, List[datetime]] = defaultdict(list)\n        self.lockouts: Dict[str, datetime] = {}\n\nclass TOTPService:\n    _rate_limiter = TOTPRateLimiter()  # Class variable, in-memory only\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n1. Rate limit state is **not shared** across multiple server instances/workers — an attacker can distribute attempts\n2. All rate limit state is **lost on server restart** — allows immediate retry\n3. In multi-worker deployments, each worker has independent rate limit state\n\n### Recommended Fix\n\n- Use Redis or the database for rate limit state storage\n- Or use a shared-memory approach for multi-worker deployments\n- At minimum, persist lockout state to survive restarts\n\n### Fix\n\nFixed in commit `2749bc0` on branch `releases/1.4.x` — added abstract RateLimitBackend with InMemoryBackend and DatabaseBackend implementations; defaults to DatabaseBackend when DB available.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-31T23:41:26Z","modified":"2026-03-31T23:41:26Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:39:47.075804Z"}],"nvd":[{"id":"CVE-2026-74878","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","status":"published","published":"2026-08-17T11:16:42.33Z","modified":"2026-10-08T16:17:39.723Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","level":"critical","assessor":"secondary"},{"version":"3.1","score":9.8,"vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","level":"critical","assessor":"secondary"}],"cwes":["CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T14:12:38.647684Z"}],"osv":[{"id":"CVE-2026-74878","title":"openssl_encrypt before 1.4.0 TOTP Rate Limiter Bypass","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","status":"published","published":"2026-08-17T11:04:45.805Z","modified":"2026-10-28T02:31:08.240812111Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:45:16.748692Z"},{"id":"GHSA-h45m-mgcp-q388","title":"openssl-encrypt: TOTP rate limiter is in-memory only — not shared across workers, lost on restart","description":"## Severity: HIGH\n\n### Summary\n\nThe TOTP brute-force rate limiter in `openssl_encrypt_server/modules/pepper/totp.py` at **lines 47-98** uses an in-memory `defaultdict(list)` as a class variable.\n\n### Affected Code\n\n```python\nclass TOTPRateLimiter:\n    def __init__(self, ...):\n        self.attempts: Dict[str, List[datetime]] = defaultdict(list)\n        self.lockouts: Dict[str, datetime] = {}\n\nclass TOTPService:\n    _rate_limiter = TOTPRateLimiter()  # Class variable, in-memory only\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n1. Rate limit state is **not shared** across multiple server instances/workers — an attacker can distribute attempts\n2. All rate limit state is **lost on server restart** — allows immediate retry\n3. In multi-worker deployments, each worker has independent rate limit state\n\n### Recommended Fix\n\n- Use Redis or the database for rate limit state storage\n- Or use a shared-memory approach for multi-worker deployments\n- At minimum, persist lockout state to survive restarts\n\n### Fix\n\nFixed in commit `2749bc0` on branch `releases/1.4.x` — added abstract RateLimitBackend with InMemoryBackend and DatabaseBackend implementations; defaults to DatabaseBackend when DB available.","status":"published","published":"2026-03-31T23:41:26Z","modified":"2026-09-02T09:10:36.272264701Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.1,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","level":"critical"}],"cwes":["CWE-770"],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:46:48.546324Z"},{"id":"PYSEC-2026-3757","description":"openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.0 use an in-memory rate limiter for TOTP brute-force protection that is not shared across workers and is lost on server restart. Attackers can distribute authentication attempts across multiple server instances or retry immediately after a restart to bypass rate limiting protections.","status":"published","published":"2026-08-17T11:16:42.33Z","modified":"2026-09-02T09:00:04.173349014Z","cvss":[{"version":"4.0","score":9.3,"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","level":"critical"}],"updated_at":"2026-11-02T15:52:57.255153Z"}]}}