CVE-2015-7225
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
Attack profile
How easy it is to exploit
- Attack vector
- Network
- Complexity
- High
- Privileges needed
- Low
- User interaction
- None
What an attacker can affect
- Confidentiality
- High
- Integrity
- None
- Availability
- None
Exploit likelihood
What each source reports
NVD Score used
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
CVE-2015-7225- CVSS 3.0
- 5.3 Medium
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N - CVSS 2.0
- 3.5 Low
AV:N/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N - Weakness
- CWE-254
- Updated
- 2026-11-02
CVE List No score
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
CVE-2015-7225- Updated
- 2026-11-02
EUVDEUVD-2018-0428 No score
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
EUVD-2018-0428- Updated
- 2026-11-03
GitHub AdvisoriesGHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow RFC 6238 § 5.2 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or "shoulder surfing", and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7- CVSS 3.0
- 5.3 Medium
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N - Updated
- 2026-11-02
OSV
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
CVE-2015-7225- CVSS 3.0
- 5.3 Medium
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N - Updated
- 2026-11-02
OSVDEBIAN-CVE-2015-7225
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
DEBIAN-CVE-2015-7225- CVSS 3.0
- 5.3 Medium
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N - Updated
- 2026-11-02
OSVGHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow RFC 6238 § 5.2 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or "shoulder surfing", and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7- CVSS 3.0
- 5.3 Medium
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N - Updated
- 2026-11-02
OSVUBUNTU-CVE-2015-7225
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
- Record
UBUNTU-CVE-2015-7225- CVSS 3.0
- 5.3 Medium
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N - Updated
- 2026-11-02
Affected products
Affected packages
| Package | Affected | Fixed |
|---|---|---|
devise-two-factorRubyGems |
before 2.0.0 | 2.0.0 |
ruby-devise-two-factorDebian:12 |
before 2.0.0-1 | 2.0.0-1 |
devise-two-factorRubyGems |
before 2.0.0, plus listed versions 1.0.01.0.11.0.21.1.0 |
2.0.0 |
History
| Recorded | Changed | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| affected | ||
| aliases | EUVD | |
| first indexed | CVE List, GitHub Advisories, NVD, OSV |
Dates are when Every CVE recorded each change. Upstream dates may differ.
In short
CVE-2015-7225 is a medium vulnerability (CVSS 5.3) in Tinfoilsecurity Devise-two-factor, published September 6, 2017. No source lists public exploit code. EPSS puts the chance of exploitation in the next 30 days at 2.06%, the 81st percentile. Fixed in devise-two-factor 2.0.0.
References
github.com/tinfoil/devise-two-factor/blob/master/UPGRADING.md
openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/09/17/2
securityfocus.com/bid/76789
bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=798466
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nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-7225
web.archive.org/web/20210122192452/https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/76789
security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2015-7225
ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2015-7225
cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2015-7225