CVE-2025-21598
Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: When BGP traceoptions are configured, receipt of malformed BGP packets causes RPD to crash
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects:
Junos OS:
- from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9,
- from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9,
- from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5,
- from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4,
- from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5,
- from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2,
- from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1,
- from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2.
Junos OS Evolved:
- from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO,
- from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO,
- from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO,
- from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO,
- from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO,
- from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO,
- from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO.
This issue requires a BGP session to be established.
This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices.
This issue affects iBGP and eBGP.
This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6.
An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue:
For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device: show log messages
Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating: rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute
Attack profile
How easy it is to exploit
- Attack vector
- Network
- Complexity
- Low
- Privileges needed
- None
- User interaction
- None
What an attacker can affect
- Confidentiality
- None
- Integrity
- None
- Availability
- High
Exploit likelihood
What each source reports
CVE List Score used
Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: When BGP traceoptions are configured, receipt of malformed BGP packets causes RPD to crash
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects:
Junos OS:
- from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9,
- from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9,
- from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5,
- from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4,
- from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5,
- from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2,
- from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1,
- from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2.
Junos OS Evolved:
- from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO,
- from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO,
- from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO,
- from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO,
- from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO,
- from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO,
- from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO.
This issue requires a BGP session to be established.
This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices.
This issue affects iBGP and eBGP.
This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6.
An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue:
For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device: show log messages
Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating: rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute
- Record
CVE-2025-21598- CVSS 4.0
- 8.2 High
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/AU:Y/R:A/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber - CVSS 3.1
- 7.5 High
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H - Weakness
- CWE-125
- Updated
- 2026-11-02
EUVDEUVD-2025-2564
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects:
Junos OS:
- from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9,
- from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9,
- from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5,
- from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4,
- from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5,
- from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2,
- from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1,
- from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2.
Junos OS Evolved:
- from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO,
- from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO,
- from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO,
- from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO,
- from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO,
- from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO,
- from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO.
This issue requires a BGP session to be established.
This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices.
This issue affects iBGP and eBGP.
This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6.
An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue:
For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device: show log messages
Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating: rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute
- Record
EUVD-2025-2564- CVSS 4.0
- 8.2 High
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/AU:Y/R:A/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber - Updated
- 2026-11-03
GitHub AdvisoriesGHSA-68jp-4r95-v8vr
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing...
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects:
Junos OS:
- from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9,
- from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9,
- from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5,
- from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4,
- from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5,
- from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2,
- from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1,
- from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2.
Junos OS Evolved:
- from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO,
- from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO,
- from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO,
- from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO,
- from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO,
- from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO,
- from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO.
This issue requires a BGP session to be established.
This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices.
This issue affects iBGP and eBGP.
This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6.
An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue:
For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device: show log messages
Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating: rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute
- Record
GHSA-68jp-4r95-v8vr- CVSS 4.0
- 8.2 High
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:Y/R:A/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber - CVSS 3.1
- 7.5 High
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H - Weakness
- CWE-125
- Updated
- 2026-11-02
NVD
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects:
Junos OS:
- from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9,
- from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9,
- from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5,
- from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4,
- from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5,
- from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2,
- from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1,
- from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2.
Junos OS Evolved:
- from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO,
- from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO,
- from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO,
- from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO,
- from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO,
- from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO,
- from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO.
This issue requires a BGP session to be established.
This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices.
This issue affects iBGP and eBGP.
This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6.
An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue:
For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device: show log messages
Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating: rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute
- Record
CVE-2025-21598- CVSS 4.0
- 8.2 High
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:Y/R:A/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber - CVSS 3.1
- 7.5 High
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H - Weakness
- CWE-125
- Updated
- 2026-11-02
Affected products
History
| Recorded | Changed | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| aliases, published | EUVD | |
| first indexed | CVE List, GitHub Advisories, NVD |
Dates are when Every CVE recorded each change. Upstream dates may differ.
In short
CVE-2025-21598 is a high vulnerability (CVSS 8.2) in Juniper Junos, published January 9, 2025. No source lists public exploit code. EPSS puts the chance of exploitation in the next 30 days at 0.72%, the 54th percentile. No source names a fixed version.