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CVE-2025-22149

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh

2.1 LowFix available

JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value).

Attack profile

How easy it is to exploit

Attack vector
Network
Complexity
High
Privileges needed
High
User interaction
None

What an attacker can affect

Confidentiality
None
Integrity
None
Availability
None

Exploit likelihood

0.56%Up 0.5 points since Jan 10, 2025
90%50%10%1%

What each source reports

CVE List Score used 2.1

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh

JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value).

Record
CVE-2025-22149
CVSS 4.0
2.1 LowCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
Weakness
CWE-672
Updated
2026-11-02
EUVDEUVD-2025-0011 2.1

JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value).

Record
EUVD-2025-0011
CVSS 4.0
2.1 LowCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
Updated
2026-11-02
GitHub AdvisoriesGHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82 2.1

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh

Impact

The project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation.

Example attack scenario:

  1. An attacker has stolen the private key for a key published in JWK Set.
  2. The publishers of that JWK Set remove that key from the JWK Set.
  3. Enough time has passed that the program using the auto-caching HTTP client found in github.com/MicahParks/jwkset v0.5.0-v0.5.21 has elapsed its HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval duration, causing a refresh of the remote JWK Set.
  4. The attacker is signing content (such as JWTs) with the stolen private key and the system has no other forms of revocation.

Patches

The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. Upgrade to v0.6.0 or later.

Workarounds

The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value). Upgrade to v0.6.0 is advised.

References

Please see the tracking issue on GitHub for additional details: https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40

Record
GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82
CVSS 4.0
2.1 LowCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
Weakness
CWE-672
Updated
2026-11-02
NVD 2.1

JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value).

Record
CVE-2025-22149
CVSS 4.0
2.1 LowCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
Weakness
CWE-672
Updated
2026-11-02
OSV 2.1

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh

JWK Set (JSON Web Key Set) is a JWK and JWK Set Go implementation. Prior to 0.6.0, the project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation. The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value).

Record
CVE-2025-22149
CVSS 4.0
2.1 LowCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
Weakness
CWE-672
Updated
2026-11-02
OSVGHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82 2.1

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh

Impact

The project's provided HTTP client's local JWK Set cache should do a full replacement when the goroutine refreshes the remote JWK Set. The current behavior is to overwrite or append. This is a security issue for use cases that utilize the provided auto-caching HTTP client and where key removal from a JWK Set is equivalent to revocation.

Example attack scenario:

  1. An attacker has stolen the private key for a key published in JWK Set.
  2. The publishers of that JWK Set remove that key from the JWK Set.
  3. Enough time has passed that the program using the auto-caching HTTP client found in github.com/MicahParks/jwkset v0.5.0-v0.5.21 has elapsed its HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval duration, causing a refresh of the remote JWK Set.
  4. The attacker is signing content (such as JWTs) with the stolen private key and the system has no other forms of revocation.

Patches

The affected auto-caching HTTP client was added in version v0.5.0 and fixed in v0.6.0. Upgrade to v0.6.0 or later.

Workarounds

The only workaround would be to remove the provided auto-caching HTTP client and replace it with a custom implementation. This involves setting the HTTPClientStorageOptions.RefreshInterval to zero (or not specifying the value). Upgrade to v0.6.0 is advised.

References

Please see the tracking issue on GitHub for additional details: https://github.com/MicahParks/jwkset/issues/40

Record
GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82
CVSS 4.0
2.1 LowCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
Weakness
CWE-672
Updated
2026-11-02
OSVGO-2025-3376 No score

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh in github.com/MicahParks/jwkset

JWK Set's HTTP client only overwrites and appends JWK to local cache during refresh in github.com/MicahParks/jwkset

Record
GO-2025-3376
Updated
2026-11-02
OSVopenSUSE-SU-2025:14644-1 No score

govulncheck-vulndb-0.0.20250109T194159-1.1 on GA media

These are all security issues fixed in the govulncheck-vulndb-0.0.20250109T194159-1.1 package on the GA media of openSUSE Tumbleweed.

Record
openSUSE-SU-2025:14644-1
Updated
2026-11-02
OSVSUSE-SU-2025:0297-1 No score

Security update for govulncheck-vulndb

This update for govulncheck-vulndb fixes the following issues:

  • Update to version 0.0.20250128T150132 2025-01-28T15:01:32Z. Refs jsc#PED-11136 Go CVE Numbering Authority IDs added or updated with aliases:

    • GO-2025-3409 CVE-2025-23208 GHSA-c9p4-xwr9-rfhx
    • GO-2025-3410 CVE-2025-24337 GHSA-3qc3-mx6x-267h
    • GO-2025-3413 CVE-2025-0377 GHSA-wpfp-cm49-9m9q
    • GO-2025-3414 CVE-2024-11218 GHSA-5vpc-35f4-r8w6
    • GO-2025-3415 CVE-2025-23028 GHSA-9m5p-c77c-f9j7
    • GO-2025-3416 CVE-2025-23047 GHSA-h78m-j95m-5356
    • GO-2025-3418 CVE-2025-24030 GHSA-j777-63hf-hx76
    • GO-2025-3419 CVE-2025-24355 GHSA-v34r-vj4r-38j6
    • GO-2025-3422 CVE-2025-24354

  • Update to version 0.0.20250128T004730 2025-01-28T00:47:30Z. Refs jsc#PED-11136 Go CVE Numbering Authority IDs added or updated with aliases:

    • GO-2025-3372 CVE-2024-45339
    • GO-2025-3373 CVE-2024-45341
    • GO-2025-3383 CVE-2024-45340
    • GO-2025-3420 CVE-2024-45336
    • GO-2025-3421 CVE-2025-22865

  • Update to version 0.0.20250117T214834 2025-01-17T21:48:34Z. Refs jsc#PED-11136 Go CVE Numbering Authority IDs added or updated with aliases:

    • GO-2025-3392 CVE-2025-20086 GHSA-5m7j-6gc4-ff5g
    • GO-2025-3393 CVE-2025-21088 GHSA-8j3q-gc9x-7972
    • GO-2025-3394 CVE-2025-20088 GHSA-45v9-w9fh-33j6
    • GO-2025-3396 CVE-2024-52594
    • GO-2025-3397 CVE-2024-36402 GHSA-8vmr-h7h5-cqhg
    • GO-2025-3398 CVE-2024-52791 GHSA-gp86-q8hg-fpxj
    • GO-2025-3399 CVE-2024-52602 GHSA-r6jg-jfv6-2fjv
    • GO-2025-3400 CVE-2024-56515 GHSA-rcxc-wjgw-579r
    • GO-2025-3401 CVE-2024-36403 GHSA-vc2m-hw89-qjxf
    • GO-2025-3407 CVE-2025-20621 GHSA-w6xh-c82w-h997

  • Update to version 0.0.20250115T172141 2025-01-15T17:21:41Z. Refs jsc#PED-11136 Go CVE Numbering Authority IDs added or updated with aliases:

    • GO-2025-3381 CVE-2024-56138 GHSA-45v3-38pc-874v
    • GO-2025-3382 CVE-2024-51491 GHSA-qjh3-4j3h-vmwp
    • GO-2025-3384 CVE-2024-56323 GHSA-32q6-rr98-cjqv
    • GO-2025-3390 CVE-2024-53263 GHSA-q6r2-x2cc-vrp7
    • GO-2025-3391 CVE-2024-52281 GHSA-2v2w-8v8c-wcm9

  • Update to version 0.0.20250109T194159 2025-01-09T19:41:59Z. Refs jsc#PED-11136 Go CVE Numbering Authority IDs added or updated with aliases:

    • GO-2025-3376 CVE-2025-22149 GHSA-675f-rq2r-jw82
    • GO-2025-3377 CVE-2025-22449 GHSA-q8fg-cp3q-5jwm
    • GO-2025-3379 CVE-2025-20033 GHSA-2549-xh72-qrpm
    • GO-2025-3380 CVE-2025-22445 GHSA-7rgp-4j56-fm79
Record
SUSE-SU-2025:0297-1
Updated
2026-11-02

Affected products

Affected packages

Affected packages
PackageAffectedFixed
github.com/MicahParks/jwkset
Go
 0.5.0 to 0.5.21
0.6.0
github.com/MicahParks/jwkset
Go
 0.5.0 up to 0.6.0
0.6.0
govulncheck-vulndb
SUSE:Linux Enterprise Module for Package Hub 15 SP6
From an advisory covering 33 CVEs
 before 0.0.20250128T150132-150000.1.29.1
0.0.20250128T150132-150000.1.29.1
govulncheck-vulndb
openSUSE:Leap 15.6
From an advisory covering 33 CVEs
 before 0.0.20250128T150132-150000.1.29.1
0.0.20250128T150132-150000.1.29.1
govulncheck-vulndb
openSUSE:Tumbleweed
From an advisory covering 4 CVEs
 before 0.0.20250109T194159-1.1
0.0.20250109T194159-1.1

History

History
RecordedChangedSources
affected, facts
first indexedCVE List, EUVD, GitHub Advisories, NVD, OSV

Dates are when Every CVE recorded each change. Upstream dates may differ.

In short

CVE-2025-22149 is a low vulnerability (CVSS 2.1) in Micahparks Jwkset, published January 9, 2025. No source lists public exploit code. EPSS puts the chance of exploitation in the next 30 days at 0.56%, the 46th percentile. Fixed in github.com/MicahParks/jwkset 0.6.0.

References

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