CVE-2026-113730

OGNL is an Object Graph Navigation Library for Java. Prior to 3.4.13, the optional stricter-invocation mode in OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod checks the declaring class of the method that OGNL invokes but does not block java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, or java.lang.reflect.Field. An attacker-controlled expression can invoke one of these reflection objects as a proxy for a method on a blocked class, causing the real operation to execute inside JDK reflection without passing through the stricter-invocation check again. Exploitation requires an application to evaluate untrusted OGNL expressions, use the default or an equivalently permissive MemberAccess that permits reflection, and rely on stricter invocation as a sandbox. Applications using a restrictive MemberAccess, including Apache Struts with SecurityMemberAccess, are not affected by this bypass. This issue is fixed in 3.4.13.

OGNL is an Object Graph Navigation Library for Java. Prior to 3.4.13, the optional stricter-invocation mode in OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod checks the declaring class of the method that OGNL invokes but does not block java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, or java.lang.reflect.Field. An attacker-controlled expression can invoke one of these reflection objects as a proxy for a method on a blocked class, causing the real operation to execute inside JDK reflection without passing through the stricter-invocation check again. Exploitation requires an application to evaluate untrusted OGNL expressions, use the default or an equivalently permissive MemberAccess that permits reflection, and rely on stricter invocation as a sandbox. Applications using a restrictive MemberAccess, including Apache Struts with SecurityMemberAccess, are not affected by this bypass. This issue is fixed in 3.4.13.

Summary

OGNL's optional stricter invocation mode maintains a block list that prevents expressions from directly calling methods on dangerous classes such as Runtime, ProcessBuilder, and ClassLoader. The block list filters on the declaring class of the method OGNL invokes. Because java.lang.reflect.Method (and Constructor/Field) are not on the list, an expression can use reflection as a proxy — someMethod.invoke(target, args) — to reach a blocked method. The real call (e.g. ProcessBuilder.start()) then executes inside the JDK reflection machinery and never passes back through OGNL's invokeMethod, so the block list never sees it.

Proof of concept

Under the default OGNL context (public-only access, stricter invocation enabled), the following expression creates a file even though a direct new ProcessBuilder(...).start() is blocked:

(#pb=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder({"/usr/bin/touch","rce-proof.txt"}),
 #[email protected]@class.getMethods(),
 #names=#methods.{ #this.getName() },
 #startIdx=#names.indexOf("start"),
 #methods[#startIdx].invoke(#pb, null))

Impact and scope — please read carefully

This is hardening of a defense-in-depth secondary layer, not a break of OGNL's primary security boundary.

In OGNL the stricter-invocation block list is a secondary mitigation. The primary access-control gate is the MemberAccess implementation supplied by the integrating framework or application, which OGNL consults on every constructor and method call. Frameworks that evaluate untrusted expressions are expected to install a restrictive MemberAccess — for example, Apache Struts' SecurityMemberAccess, which excludes dangerous classes and the java.lang.reflect package. Against such a MemberAccess this PoC is blocked at the very first step (the new ProcessBuilder(...) constructor), before reflection is ever reachable.

The default context that ships with OGNL intentionally allows all public members and is not designed to sandbox untrusted input. An application that evaluates attacker-controlled expressions with that permissive default already has many paths to code execution, and this technique is not required to achieve it.

You are affected only if all of the following hold: (1) your application evaluates untrusted/attacker-controlled OGNL expressions, (2) it uses OGNL's default permissive MemberAccess (or an equivalently permissive one that allows java.lang.reflect), and (3) it relies on the stricter-invocation block list as its sandbox. Properly configured consumers — including Apache Struts with its SecurityMemberAccess — are not affected. The actual protection for untrusted-expression scenarios remains a correctly configured MemberAccess; the block list should not be treated as a sandbox.

Fix

java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, and java.lang.reflect.Field are added to the stricter-invocation block list, so reflection objects can no longer be used as invocation proxies in stricter mode. The java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle path was verified not to be exploitable (its signature-polymorphic invoke/invokeExact fail through OGNL's reflection-based invocation), so no additional classes are required.

Credit

Reported responsibly through Tidelift by 毛锐 ([email protected]).

OGNL is an Object Graph Navigation Library for Java. Prior to 3.4.13, the optional stricter-invocation mode in OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod checks the declaring class of the method that OGNL invokes but does not block java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, or java.lang.reflect.Field. An attacker-controlled expression can invoke one of these reflection objects as a proxy for a method on a blocked class, causing the real operation to execute inside JDK reflection without passing through the stricter-invocation check again. Exploitation requires an application to evaluate untrusted OGNL expressions, use the default or an equivalently permissive MemberAccess that permits reflection, and rely on stricter invocation as a sandbox. Applications using a restrictive MemberAccess, including Apache Struts with SecurityMemberAccess, are not affected by this bypass. This issue is fixed in 3.4.13.

OGNL is an Object Graph Navigation Library for Java. Prior to 3.4.13, the optional stricter-invocation mode in OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod checks the declaring class of the method that OGNL invokes but does not block java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, or java.lang.reflect.Field. An attacker-controlled expression can invoke one of these reflection objects as a proxy for a method on a blocked class, causing the real operation to execute inside JDK reflection without passing through the stricter-invocation check again. Exploitation requires an application to evaluate untrusted OGNL expressions, use the default or an equivalently permissive MemberAccess that permits reflection, and rely on stricter invocation as a sandbox. Applications using a restrictive MemberAccess, including Apache Struts with SecurityMemberAccess, are not affected by this bypass. This issue is fixed in 3.4.13.

OGNL is an Object Graph Navigation Library for Java. Prior to 3.4.13, the optional stricter-invocation mode in OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod checks the declaring class of the method that OGNL invokes but does not block java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, or java.lang.reflect.Field. An attacker-controlled expression can invoke one of these reflection objects as a proxy for a method on a blocked class, causing the real operation to execute inside JDK reflection without passing through the stricter-invocation check again. Exploitation requires an application to evaluate untrusted OGNL expressions, use the default or an equivalently permissive MemberAccess that permits reflection, and rely on stricter invocation as a sandbox. Applications using a restrictive MemberAccess, including Apache Struts with SecurityMemberAccess, are not affected by this bypass. This issue is fixed in 3.4.13.

Summary

OGNL's optional stricter invocation mode maintains a block list that prevents expressions from directly calling methods on dangerous classes such as Runtime, ProcessBuilder, and ClassLoader. The block list filters on the declaring class of the method OGNL invokes. Because java.lang.reflect.Method (and Constructor/Field) are not on the list, an expression can use reflection as a proxy — someMethod.invoke(target, args) — to reach a blocked method. The real call (e.g. ProcessBuilder.start()) then executes inside the JDK reflection machinery and never passes back through OGNL's invokeMethod, so the block list never sees it.

Proof of concept

Under the default OGNL context (public-only access, stricter invocation enabled), the following expression creates a file even though a direct new ProcessBuilder(...).start() is blocked:

(#pb=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder({"/usr/bin/touch","rce-proof.txt"}),
 #[email protected]@class.getMethods(),
 #names=#methods.{ #this.getName() },
 #startIdx=#names.indexOf("start"),
 #methods[#startIdx].invoke(#pb, null))

Impact and scope — please read carefully

This is hardening of a defense-in-depth secondary layer, not a break of OGNL's primary security boundary.

In OGNL the stricter-invocation block list is a secondary mitigation. The primary access-control gate is the MemberAccess implementation supplied by the integrating framework or application, which OGNL consults on every constructor and method call. Frameworks that evaluate untrusted expressions are expected to install a restrictive MemberAccess — for example, Apache Struts' SecurityMemberAccess, which excludes dangerous classes and the java.lang.reflect package. Against such a MemberAccess this PoC is blocked at the very first step (the new ProcessBuilder(...) constructor), before reflection is ever reachable.

The default context that ships with OGNL intentionally allows all public members and is not designed to sandbox untrusted input. An application that evaluates attacker-controlled expressions with that permissive default already has many paths to code execution, and this technique is not required to achieve it.

You are affected only if all of the following hold: (1) your application evaluates untrusted/attacker-controlled OGNL expressions, (2) it uses OGNL's default permissive MemberAccess (or an equivalently permissive one that allows java.lang.reflect), and (3) it relies on the stricter-invocation block list as its sandbox. Properly configured consumers — including Apache Struts with its SecurityMemberAccess — are not affected. The actual protection for untrusted-expression scenarios remains a correctly configured MemberAccess; the block list should not be treated as a sandbox.

Fix

java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, and java.lang.reflect.Field are added to the stricter-invocation block list, so reflection objects can no longer be used as invocation proxies in stricter mode. The java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle path was verified not to be exploitable (its signature-polymorphic invoke/invokeExact fail through OGNL's reflection-based invocation), so no additional classes are required.

Credit

Reported responsibly through Tidelift by 毛锐 ([email protected]).

OGNL is an Object Graph Navigation Library for Java. Prior to 3.4.13, the optional stricter-invocation mode in OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod checks the declaring class of the method that OGNL invokes but does not block java.lang.reflect.Method, java.lang.reflect.Constructor, or java.lang.reflect.Field. An attacker-controlled expression can invoke one of these reflection objects as a proxy for a method on a blocked class, causing the real operation to execute inside JDK reflection without passing through the stricter-invocation check again. Exploitation requires an application to evaluate untrusted OGNL expressions, use the default or an equivalently permissive MemberAccess that permits reflection, and rely on stricter invocation as a sandbox. Applications using a restrictive MemberAccess, including Apache Struts with SecurityMemberAccess, are not affected by this bypass. This issue is fixed in 3.4.13.