CVE-2026-41591

Marko is a declarative, HTML-based language for building web apps. Prior to marko version 5.38.36 and prior to @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164, when dynamic text is interpolated into a <script> or <style> tag the Marko runtime failed to prevent tag breakout when the closing tag used non-lowercase casing. An attacker able to place input inside a <script> or <style> block could break out of the tag with </SCRIPT>, </Style>, etc. and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript, resulting in cross-site scripting. This issue has been patched in marko version 5.38.36 and @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164.

Marko is a declarative, HTML-based language for building web apps. Prior to marko version 5.38.36 and prior to @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164, when dynamic text is interpolated into a <script> or <style> tag the Marko runtime failed to prevent tag breakout when the closing tag used non-lowercase casing. An attacker able to place input inside a <script> or <style> block could break out of the tag with </SCRIPT>, </Style>, etc. and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript, resulting in cross-site scripting. This issue has been patched in marko version 5.38.36 and @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164.

Summary

When dynamic text is interpolated into a <script> or <style> tag the Marko runtime failed to prevent tag breakout when the closing tag used non-lowercase casing. An attacker able to place input inside a <script> or <style> block could break out of the tag with </SCRIPT>, </Style>, etc. and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript, resulting in cross-site scripting.

Details

The affected helpers used case-sensitive regular expressions to detect attempts at closing the surrounding tag:

// packages/runtime-tags/src/html/content.ts
const unsafeScriptReg = /<\/script/g;
const unsafeStyleReg  = /<\/style/g;

// packages/runtime-class/src/runtime/html/helpers/escape-script-placeholder.js
const unsafeCharsReg = /<\/script/g;

// packages/runtime-class/src/runtime/html/helpers/escape-style-placeholder.js
const unsafeCharsReg = /<\/style/g;

HTML tag names are case-insensitive in the browser parser, so inputs such as </SCRIPT>, </Script>, or </sTyLe> were not matched by these regexes and passed through the helpers unchanged. A browser rendering the output treats the mixed-case end tag as a valid closing tag, terminating the script or style context, and then parses anything that follows as HTML.

The Marko compiler routes interpolated values inside <script> and <style> tags through these helpers automatically (see native-tag.ts:1080-1085), so application code following the framework's conventions had no way to detect or compensate for the gap.

PoC

$ const userCode = "</SCRIPT><script>alert(1)//";
<script>
  const data = ${JSON.stringify(userCode)};
</script>

Would yield the following:

<script>const data = "</SCRIPT><script>alert(1)//";</script>

Which is then parsed in any WHATWG-compliant browser as:

<script>const data = "</script>
<script>alert(1)//";</script>

Impact

Cross-site scripting. Any Marko template that explicitly interpolates untrusted data inside a <script> or <style> block is affected.

Stored XSS is trivial if the value originates from any persisted user input (username, profile bio, comment body, etc.) that is later embedded in a script tag during rendering. Exploitation yields arbitrary JavaScript execution in the victim's browser, enabling session token theft, account takeover, and arbitrary actions as the victim.

Since the internal _escape_script and _escape_style helpers are the framework's designated defense against script/style tag breakout, applications following standard Marko patterns had no obvious reason to add a second layer of sanitization.

This does not affect scripts or hydration state serialized by Marko itself — only templates that explicitly interpolate untrusted values inside a <script> or <style> tag.

Patch

Commit 19d4b37d0 — fix: html script, style, and comment escaping.

- const unsafeScriptReg = /<\/script/g;
+ const unsafeScriptReg = /<\/script/gi;

- const unsafeStyleReg  = /<\/style/g;
+ const unsafeStyleReg  = /<\/style/gi;

The same commit also introduced an _escape_comment helper and corresponding escape-comment-placeholder.js, hardening HTML comment escaping as a related preventative fix. Test fixtures were added under escape-script-case, escape-style-case, and escape-comment.

Workarounds

Upgrade to the patched release. As a short-term mitigation on affected versions, pre-sanitize any untrusted data before it reaches a template position rendered inside a <script> or <style> tag — e.g. normalize </script, </style, and their mixed-case variants before interpolation, or avoid direct interpolation of untrusted values inside these tags entirely.

Marko is a declarative, HTML-based language for building web apps. Prior to marko version 5.38.36 and prior to @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164, when dynamic text is interpolated into a <script> or <style> tag the Marko runtime failed to prevent tag breakout when the closing tag used non-lowercase casing. An attacker able to place input inside a <script> or <style> block could break out of the tag with </SCRIPT>, </Style>, etc. and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript, resulting in cross-site scripting. This issue has been patched in marko version 5.38.36 and @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164.

Marko is a declarative, HTML-based language for building web apps. Prior to marko version 5.38.36 and prior to @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164, when dynamic text is interpolated into a <script> or <style> tag the Marko runtime failed to prevent tag breakout when the closing tag used non-lowercase casing. An attacker able to place input inside a <script> or <style> block could break out of the tag with </SCRIPT>, </Style>, etc. and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript, resulting in cross-site scripting. This issue has been patched in marko version 5.38.36 and @marko/runtime-tags 6.0.164.

Summary

When dynamic text is interpolated into a <script> or <style> tag the Marko runtime failed to prevent tag breakout when the closing tag used non-lowercase casing. An attacker able to place input inside a <script> or <style> block could break out of the tag with </SCRIPT>, </Style>, etc. and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript, resulting in cross-site scripting.

Details

The affected helpers used case-sensitive regular expressions to detect attempts at closing the surrounding tag:

// packages/runtime-tags/src/html/content.ts
const unsafeScriptReg = /<\/script/g;
const unsafeStyleReg  = /<\/style/g;

// packages/runtime-class/src/runtime/html/helpers/escape-script-placeholder.js
const unsafeCharsReg = /<\/script/g;

// packages/runtime-class/src/runtime/html/helpers/escape-style-placeholder.js
const unsafeCharsReg = /<\/style/g;

HTML tag names are case-insensitive in the browser parser, so inputs such as </SCRIPT>, </Script>, or </sTyLe> were not matched by these regexes and passed through the helpers unchanged. A browser rendering the output treats the mixed-case end tag as a valid closing tag, terminating the script or style context, and then parses anything that follows as HTML.

The Marko compiler routes interpolated values inside <script> and <style> tags through these helpers automatically (see native-tag.ts:1080-1085), so application code following the framework's conventions had no way to detect or compensate for the gap.

PoC

$ const userCode = "</SCRIPT><script>alert(1)//";
<script>
  const data = ${JSON.stringify(userCode)};
</script>

Would yield the following:

<script>const data = "</SCRIPT><script>alert(1)//";</script>

Which is then parsed in any WHATWG-compliant browser as:

<script>const data = "</script>
<script>alert(1)//";</script>

Impact

Cross-site scripting. Any Marko template that explicitly interpolates untrusted data inside a <script> or <style> block is affected.

Stored XSS is trivial if the value originates from any persisted user input (username, profile bio, comment body, etc.) that is later embedded in a script tag during rendering. Exploitation yields arbitrary JavaScript execution in the victim's browser, enabling session token theft, account takeover, and arbitrary actions as the victim.

Since the internal _escape_script and _escape_style helpers are the framework's designated defense against script/style tag breakout, applications following standard Marko patterns had no obvious reason to add a second layer of sanitization.

This does not affect scripts or hydration state serialized by Marko itself — only templates that explicitly interpolate untrusted values inside a <script> or <style> tag.

Patch

Commit 19d4b37d0 — fix: html script, style, and comment escaping.

- const unsafeScriptReg = /<\/script/g;
+ const unsafeScriptReg = /<\/script/gi;

- const unsafeStyleReg  = /<\/style/g;
+ const unsafeStyleReg  = /<\/style/gi;

The same commit also introduced an _escape_comment helper and corresponding escape-comment-placeholder.js, hardening HTML comment escaping as a related preventative fix. Test fixtures were added under escape-script-case, escape-style-case, and escape-comment.

Workarounds

Upgrade to the patched release. As a short-term mitigation on affected versions, pre-sanitize any untrusted data before it reaches a template position rendered inside a <script> or <style> tag — e.g. normalize </script, </style, and their mixed-case variants before interpolation, or avoid direct interpolation of untrusted values inside these tags entirely.