CVE-2026-46020

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm/damon/core: validate damos_quota_goal->nid for node_mem_{used,free}bp Patch series "mm/damon/core: validate damos_quota_goal->nid". node_mem[cg]{used,free}bp DAMOS quota goals receive the node id. The node id is used for si_meminfo_node() and NODE_DATA() without proper validation. As a result, privileged users can trigger an out of bounds memory access using DAMON_SYSFS. Fix the issues. The issue was originally reported [1] with a fix by another author. The original author announced [2] that they will stop working including the fix that was still in the review stage. Hence I'm restarting this. This patch (of 2): Users can set damos_quota_goal->nid with arbitrary value for node_mem{used,free}_bp. But DAMON core is using those for si_meminfo_node() without the validation of the value. This can result in out of bounds memory access. The issue can actually triggered using DAMON user-space tool (damo), like below. $ sudo ./damo start --damos_action stat \ --damos_quota_goal node_mem_used_bp 50% -1 \ --damos_quota_interval 1s $ sudo dmesg [...] [ 65.565986] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 0000000000000098 Fix this issue by adding the validation of the given node. If an invalid node id is given, it returns 0% for used memory ratio, and 100% for free memory ratio.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

mm/damon/core: validate damos_quota_goal->nid for node_mem_{used,free}_bp

Patch series "mm/damon/core: validate damos_quota_goal->nid".

node_mem[cg]_{used,free}_bp DAMOS quota goals receive the node id. The node id is used for si_meminfo_node() and NODE_DATA() without proper validation. As a result, privileged users can trigger an out of bounds memory access using DAMON_SYSFS. Fix the issues.

The issue was originally reported [1] with a fix by another author. The original author announced [2] that they will stop working including the fix that was still in the review stage. Hence I'm restarting this.

This patch (of 2):

Users can set damos_quota_goal->nid with arbitrary value for node_mem_{used,free}_bp. But DAMON core is using those for si_meminfo_node() without the validation of the value. This can result in out of bounds memory access. The issue can actually triggered using DAMON user-space tool (damo), like below.

$ sudo ./damo start --damos_action stat \
	--damos_quota_goal node_mem_used_bp 50% -1 \
	--damos_quota_interval 1s
$ sudo dmesg
[...]
[   65.565986] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 0000000000000098

Fix this issue by adding the validation of the given node. If an invalid node id is given, it returns 0% for used memory ratio, and 100% for free memory ratio.

These are all security issues fixed in the kernel-devel-7.0.11-1.1 package on the GA media of openSUSE Tumbleweed.

It was discovered that some AMD processors did not properly clear data in the floating point divider unit during speculative execution. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2025-54505)

Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel. An attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system. This update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:

• ARM64 architecture;
• x86 architecture;
• Block layer subsystem;
• Cryptographic API;
• Rados block device (RBD) driver;
• Compressed RAM block device driver;
• Character device driver;
• TPM device driver;
• Hardware crypto device drivers;
• EDAC drivers;
• GPU drivers;
• Greybus drivers;
• HID subsystem;
• Microsoft Hyper-V drivers;
• Hardware monitoring drivers;
• I2C subsystem;
• IIO subsystem;
• InfiniBand drivers;
• Input Device core drivers;
• LED subsystem;
• Multiple devices driver;
• Media drivers;
• IBM Advanced System Management driver;
• MTD block device drivers;
• Network drivers;
• Microsoft Azure Network Adapter (MANA) driver;
• NTB driver;
• NVME drivers;
• Device tree and open firmware driver;
• PCI subsystem;
• Remote Processor subsystem;
• SCSI subsystem;
• SPI subsystem;
• Realtek RTL8723BS SDIO drivers;
• SM750 framebuffer staging driver;
• Thermal drivers;
• USB Gadget drivers;
• USB over IP driver;
• VFIO drivers;
• Framebuffer layer;
• 9P distributed file system;
• AFS file system;
• Ceph distributed file system;
• File systems infrastructure;
• EROFS file system;
• Ext4 file system;
• F2FS file system;
• FUSE (File system in Userspace);
• Journaling layer for block devices (JBD2);
• NILFS2 file system;
• File system notification infrastructure;
• NTFS3 file system;
• OCFS2 file system;
• SMB network file system;
• UDF file system;
• XFS file system;
• Codetag library;
• Memory management;
• Memory Management;
• KVM subsystem;
• Tracing infrastructure;
• User-space API (UAPI);
• io_uring subsystem;
• Locking primitives;
• Timer subsystem;
• Scatterlist API;
• Heterogeneous memory management;
• KASAN memory debugging framework;
• Bluetooth subsystem;
• Ethernet bridge;
• CAIF protocol;
• CAN network layer;
• Ceph Core library;
• IPv4 networking;
• IPv6 networking;
• Multipath TCP;
• Netfilter;
• NFC subsystem;
• Packet sockets;
• Qualcomm IPC Router (QRTR);
• RDS protocol;
• RxRPC session sockets;
• SMC sockets;
• Stream parser;
• Landlock security;
• SELinux security module;
• ALSA framework;
• Generic PCM loopback sound driver;
• FireWire sound drivers;
• Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi driver;
• QCOM ASoC drivers;
• USB sound devices;
• Objtool; (CVE-2026-31532, CVE-2026-31574, CVE-2026-31575, CVE-2026-31576, CVE-2026-31577, CVE-2026-31578, CVE-2026-31579, CVE-2026-31580, CVE-2026-31581, CVE-2026-31582, CVE-2026-31583, CVE-2026-31584, CVE-2026-31585, CVE-2026-31586, CVE-2026-31587, CVE-2026-31588, CVE-2026-31589, CVE-2026-31590, CVE-2026-31591, CVE-2026-31592, CVE-2026-31593, CVE-2026-31594, CVE-2026-31595, CVE-2026-31596, CVE-2026-31597, CVE-2026-31598, CVE-2026-31599, CVE-2026-31600, CVE-2026-31601, CVE-2026-31602, CVE-2026-31603, CVE-2026-31604, CVE-2026-31605, CVE-2026-31606, CVE-2026-31607, CVE-2026-31608, CVE-2026-31609, CVE-2026-31610, CVE-2026-31611, CVE-2026-31612, CVE-2026-31613, CVE-2026-31614, CVE-2026-31615, CVE-2026-31616, CVE-2026-31617, CVE-2026-31618, CVE-2026-31619, CVE-2026-31620, CVE-2026-31621, CVE-2026-31622, CVE-2026-31623, CVE-2026-31624, CVE-2026-31625, CVE-2026-31626, CVE-2026-31627, CVE-2026-31628, CVE-2026-31629, CVE-2026-31686, CVE-2026-31694, CVE-2026-31696, CVE-2026-31697, CVE-2026-31698, CVE-2026-31699, CVE-2026-31700, CVE-2026-31701, CVE-2026-31702, CVE-2026-31703, CVE-2026-31704, CVE-2026-31705, CVE-2026-31706, CVE-2026-31707, CVE-2026-31708, CVE-2026-31709, CVE-2026-31710, CVE-2026-31711,…

It was discovered that some AMD processors did not properly clear data in the floating point divider unit during speculative execution. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2025-54505)

Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel. An attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system. This update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:

• ARM64 architecture;
• x86 architecture;
• Block layer subsystem;
• Cryptographic API;
• Rados block device (RBD) driver;
• Compressed RAM block device driver;
• Character device driver;
• TPM device driver;
• Hardware crypto device drivers;
• EDAC drivers;
• GPU drivers;
• Greybus drivers;
• HID subsystem;
• Microsoft Hyper-V drivers;
• Hardware monitoring drivers;
• I2C subsystem;
• IIO subsystem;
• InfiniBand drivers;
• Input Device core drivers;
• LED subsystem;
• Multiple devices driver;
• Media drivers;
• IBM Advanced System Management driver;
• MTD block device drivers;
• Network drivers;
• Microsoft Azure Network Adapter (MANA) driver;
• NTB driver;
• NVME drivers;
• Device tree and open firmware driver;
• PCI subsystem;
• Remote Processor subsystem;
• SCSI subsystem;
• SPI subsystem;
• Realtek RTL8723BS SDIO drivers;
• SM750 framebuffer staging driver;
• Thermal drivers;
• USB Gadget drivers;
• USB over IP driver;
• VFIO drivers;
• Framebuffer layer;
• 9P distributed file system;
• AFS file system;
• Ceph distributed file system;
• File systems infrastructure;
• EROFS file system;
• Ext4 file system;
• F2FS file system;
• FUSE (File system in Userspace);
• Journaling layer for block devices (JBD2);
• NILFS2 file system;
• File system notification infrastructure;
• NTFS3 file system;
• OCFS2 file system;
• SMB network file system;
• UDF file system;
• XFS file system;
• Codetag library;
• Memory management;
• Memory Management;
• KVM subsystem;
• Tracing infrastructure;
• User-space API (UAPI);
• io_uring subsystem;
• Locking primitives;
• Timer subsystem;
• Scatterlist API;
• Heterogeneous memory management;
• KASAN memory debugging framework;
• Bluetooth subsystem;
• Ethernet bridge;
• CAIF protocol;
• CAN network layer;
• Ceph Core library;
• IPv4 networking;
• IPv6 networking;
• Multipath TCP;
• Netfilter;
• NFC subsystem;
• Packet sockets;
• Qualcomm IPC Router (QRTR);
• RDS protocol;
• RxRPC session sockets;
• SMC sockets;
• Stream parser;
• Landlock security;
• SELinux security module;
• ALSA framework;
• Generic PCM loopback sound driver;
• FireWire sound drivers;
• Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi driver;
• QCOM ASoC drivers;
• USB sound devices;
• Objtool; (CVE-2026-31532, CVE-2026-31574, CVE-2026-31575, CVE-2026-31576, CVE-2026-31577, CVE-2026-31578, CVE-2026-31579, CVE-2026-31580, CVE-2026-31581, CVE-2026-31582, CVE-2026-31583, CVE-2026-31584, CVE-2026-31585, CVE-2026-31586, CVE-2026-31587, CVE-2026-31588, CVE-2026-31589, CVE-2026-31590, CVE-2026-31591, CVE-2026-31592, CVE-2026-31593, CVE-2026-31594, CVE-2026-31595, CVE-2026-31596, CVE-2026-31597, CVE-2026-31598, CVE-2026-31599, CVE-2026-31600, CVE-2026-31601, CVE-2026-31602, CVE-2026-31603, CVE-2026-31604, CVE-2026-31605, CVE-2026-31606, CVE-2026-31607, CVE-2026-31608, CVE-2026-31609, CVE-2026-31610, CVE-2026-31611, CVE-2026-31612, CVE-2026-31613, CVE-2026-31614, CVE-2026-31615, CVE-2026-31616, CVE-2026-31617, CVE-2026-31618, CVE-2026-31619, CVE-2026-31620, CVE-2026-31621, CVE-2026-31622, CVE-2026-31623, CVE-2026-31624, CVE-2026-31625, CVE-2026-31626, CVE-2026-31627, CVE-2026-31628, CVE-2026-31629, CVE-2026-31686, CVE-2026-31694, CVE-2026-31696, CVE-2026-31697, CVE-2026-31698, CVE-2026-31699, CVE-2026-31700, CVE-2026-31701, CVE-2026-31702, CVE-2026-31703, CVE-2026-31704, CVE-2026-31705, CVE-2026-31706, CVE-2026-31707, CVE-2026-31708, CVE-2026-31709, CVE-2026-31710, CVE-2026-31711,…

It was discovered that the Linux kernel did not properly handle shared page fragments during socket buffer operations, collectively known as Dirty Frag. A logic flaw existed in the XFRM ESP-in-TCP subsystem and in the RxRPC networking subsystem when processing paged fragments. A local attacker could use this to escalate privileges, or possibly escape a container. (CVE-2026-43284, CVE-2026-43500, CVE-2026-45998, CVE-2026-46000)

It was discovered that a logic flaw existed in the XFRM ESP-in-TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel when handling socket buffer fragments. This flaw is known as Fragnesia. A local attacker could use this to escalate privileges, or possibly escape a container. (CVE-2026-43503, CVE-2026-46300)

Qualys discovered that a race condition existed in the ptrace subsystem of the Linux kernel when privileged processes are exiting. An unprivileged local attacker could use this issue to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2026-46333)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contain a memory leak when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause resource exhaustion. (CVE-2026-47326)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contain a NULL pointer dereference when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause a kernel oops. (CVE-2026-47327)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained an invalid free when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to corrupt kernel memory. (CVE-2026-47328)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained insufficient validation of AppArmor notification responses. A local attacker could use this to allow crafted responses to be processed. (CVE-2026-47329)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 used an uninitialized variable when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause incorrect caching of data. (CVE-2026-47330)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained an out-of-bounds (OOB) read when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause information disclosure of kernel memory. (CVE-2026-47332)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained a out-of-bounds (OOB) read when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause kernel memory corruption and, theoretically, influence processing of AppArmor policies. (CVE-2026-47333)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained incorrect holding of locks when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause a kernel panic or deadlock. (CVE-2026-47334)

Tristan Madani and Trevor Lawrence have each independently discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained a NULL pointer dereference when handling AppArmor network socket mediation. A local attacker could use this to cause a kernel oops. (CVE-2026-47337)

Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel. An attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system. This update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:

• ARM64 architecture;
• x86 architecture;
• Block layer subsystem;
• Cryptographic API;
• Rados block device (RBD) driver;
• Compressed RAM block device driver;
• Character device driver;
• TPM device driver;
• Hardware crypto device drivers;
• EDAC drivers;
• GPU drivers;
• Greybus drivers;
• Hardware monitoring drivers;
• IIO subsystem;
• InfiniBand drivers;
• Input Device core drivers;
• LED subsystem;
• Multiple devices driver;
• Media drivers;
• IBM Advanced System Management driver;
• MTD block device drivers;
• Network drivers;
• Microsoft Azure Network Adapter (MANA) driver;
• NVME drivers;
• Device tree and open firmware driver;
• PCI subsystem;
• Remote…

It was discovered that some AMD processors did not properly clear data in the floating point divider unit during speculative execution. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2025-54505)

Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel. An attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system. This update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:

• ARM64 architecture;
• x86 architecture;
• Block layer subsystem;
• Cryptographic API;
• Rados block device (RBD) driver;
• Compressed RAM block device driver;
• Character device driver;
• TPM device driver;
• Hardware crypto device drivers;
• EDAC drivers;
• GPU drivers;
• Greybus drivers;
• HID subsystem;
• Microsoft Hyper-V drivers;
• Hardware monitoring drivers;
• I2C subsystem;
• IIO subsystem;
• InfiniBand drivers;
• Input Device core drivers;
• LED subsystem;
• Multiple devices driver;
• Media drivers;
• IBM Advanced System Management driver;
• MTD block device drivers;
• Network drivers;
• Microsoft Azure Network Adapter (MANA) driver;
• NTB driver;
• NVME drivers;
• Device tree and open firmware driver;
• PCI subsystem;
• Remote Processor subsystem;
• SCSI subsystem;
• SPI subsystem;
• Realtek RTL8723BS SDIO drivers;
• SM750 framebuffer staging driver;
• Thermal drivers;
• USB Gadget drivers;
• USB over IP driver;
• VFIO drivers;
• Framebuffer layer;
• 9P distributed file system;
• AFS file system;
• Ceph distributed file system;
• File systems infrastructure;
• EROFS file system;
• Ext4 file system;
• F2FS file system;
• FUSE (File system in Userspace);
• Journaling layer for block devices (JBD2);
• NILFS2 file system;
• File system notification infrastructure;
• NTFS3 file system;
• OCFS2 file system;
• SMB network file system;
• UDF file system;
• XFS file system;
• Codetag library;
• Memory management;
• Memory Management;
• KVM subsystem;
• Tracing infrastructure;
• User-space API (UAPI);
• io_uring subsystem;
• Locking primitives;
• Timer subsystem;
• Scatterlist API;
• Heterogeneous memory management;
• KASAN memory debugging framework;
• Bluetooth subsystem;
• Ethernet bridge;
• CAIF protocol;
• CAN network layer;
• Ceph Core library;
• IPv4 networking;
• IPv6 networking;
• Multipath TCP;
• Netfilter;
• NFC subsystem;
• Packet sockets;
• Qualcomm IPC Router (QRTR);
• RDS protocol;
• RxRPC session sockets;
• SMC sockets;
• Stream parser;
• Landlock security;
• SELinux security module;
• ALSA framework;
• Generic PCM loopback sound driver;
• FireWire sound drivers;
• Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi driver;
• QCOM ASoC drivers;
• USB sound devices;
• Objtool; (CVE-2026-31532, CVE-2026-31574, CVE-2026-31575, CVE-2026-31576, CVE-2026-31577, CVE-2026-31578, CVE-2026-31579, CVE-2026-31580, CVE-2026-31581, CVE-2026-31582, CVE-2026-31583, CVE-2026-31584, CVE-2026-31585, CVE-2026-31586, CVE-2026-31587, CVE-2026-31588, CVE-2026-31589, CVE-2026-31590, CVE-2026-31591, CVE-2026-31592, CVE-2026-31593, CVE-2026-31594, CVE-2026-31595, CVE-2026-31596, CVE-2026-31597, CVE-2026-31598, CVE-2026-31599, CVE-2026-31600, CVE-2026-31601, CVE-2026-31602, CVE-2026-31603, CVE-2026-31604, CVE-2026-31605, CVE-2026-31606, CVE-2026-31607, CVE-2026-31608, CVE-2026-31609, CVE-2026-31610, CVE-2026-31611, CVE-2026-31612, CVE-2026-31613, CVE-2026-31614, CVE-2026-31615, CVE-2026-31616, CVE-2026-31617, CVE-2026-31618, CVE-2026-31619, CVE-2026-31620, CVE-2026-31621, CVE-2026-31622, CVE-2026-31623, CVE-2026-31624, CVE-2026-31625, CVE-2026-31626, CVE-2026-31627, CVE-2026-31628, CVE-2026-31629, CVE-2026-31686, CVE-2026-31694, CVE-2026-31696, CVE-2026-31697, CVE-2026-31698, CVE-2026-31699, CVE-2026-31700, CVE-2026-31701, CVE-2026-31702, CVE-2026-31703, CVE-2026-31704, CVE-2026-31705, CVE-2026-31706, CVE-2026-31707, CVE-2026-31708, CVE-2026-31709, CVE-2026-31710, CVE-2026-31711,…

It was discovered that some AMD processors did not properly clear data in the floating point divider unit during speculative execution. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2025-54505)

It was discovered that some AMD Zen 2 processors did not properly isolate shared resources in the operation cache. A local attacker could possibly use this issue to corrupt instructions executed at a higher privilege level, resulting in privilege escalation. (CVE-2025-54518)

It was discovered that the Linux kernel did not properly handle shared page fragments during socket buffer operations, collectively known as Dirty Frag. A logic flaw existed in the XFRM ESP-in-TCP subsystem and in the RxRPC networking subsystem when processing paged fragments. A local attacker could use this to escalate privileges, or possibly escape a container. (CVE-2026-43284, CVE-2026-43500, CVE-2026-45998, CVE-2026-46000)

It was discovered that a logic flaw existed in the XFRM ESP-in-TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel when handling socket buffer fragments. This flaw is known as Fragnesia. A local attacker could use this to escalate privileges, or possibly escape a container. (CVE-2026-43503, CVE-2026-46300)

Qualys discovered that a race condition existed in the ptrace subsystem of the Linux kernel when privileged processes are exiting. An unprivileged local attacker could use this issue to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2026-46333)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contain a memory leak when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause resource exhaustion. (CVE-2026-47326)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contain a NULL pointer dereference when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause a kernel oops. (CVE-2026-47327)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained an invalid free when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to corrupt kernel memory. (CVE-2026-47328)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained insufficient validation of AppArmor notification responses. A local attacker could use this to allow crafted responses to be processed. (CVE-2026-47329)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 used an uninitialized variable when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause incorrect caching of data. (CVE-2026-47330)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained an out-of-bounds (OOB) read when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause information disclosure of kernel memory. (CVE-2026-47332)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained a out-of-bounds (OOB) read when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause kernel memory corruption and, theoretically, influence processing of AppArmor policies. (CVE-2026-47333)

Tristan Madani discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained incorrect holding of locks when handling AppArmor notifications. A local attacker could use this to cause a kernel panic or deadlock. (CVE-2026-47334)

Tristan Madani and Trevor Lawrence have each independently discovered that Ubuntu Linux kernel 6.8, 6.17 and 7.0 contained a NULL pointer dereference when handling AppArmor network socket mediation. A local attacker could use this to cause a kernel oops. (CVE-2026-47337)

Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel. An attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system. This update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:

• PSP security protocol;
• ARM64 architecture;
• PowerPC architecture;
• RISC-V architecture;
• S390 architecture;
• User-Mode Linux (UML);
• x86 architecture;
• Block layer subsystem;
• Cryptographic API;
• Intel…

It was discovered that some AMD processors did not properly clear data in the floating point divider unit during speculative execution. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2025-54505)

It was discovered that some AMD Zen 2 processors did not properly isolate shared resources in the operation cache. A local attacker could possibly use this issue to corrupt instructions executed at a higher privilege level, resulting in privilege escalation. (CVE-2025-54518)

Several security issues were discovered in the Linux kernel. An attacker could possibly use these to compromise the system. This update corrects flaws in the following subsystems:

• x86 platform drivers;
• PSP security protocol;
• ARM32 architecture;
• ARM64 architecture;
• MIPS architecture;
• PowerPC architecture;
• RISC-V architecture;
• S390 architecture;
• User-Mode Linux (UML);
• x86 architecture;
• Block layer subsystem;
• Cryptographic API;
• Intel NPU Driver;
• Compute Acceleration Framework;
• ACPI drivers;
• Auxiliary display drivers;
• Drivers core;
• DRBD Distributed Replicated Block Device drivers;
• Rados block device (RBD) driver;
• Ublk userspace block driver;
• Compressed RAM block device driver;
• Bluetooth drivers;
• Bus devices;
• Character device driver;
• TPM device driver;
• Clock framework and drivers;
• CPU frequency scaling framework;
• Hardware crypto device drivers;
• Buffer Sharing and Synchronization framework;
• DPLL subsystem;
• EDAC drivers;
• Arm Firmware Framework for ARMv8-A(FFA);
• EFI core;
• FWCTL subsystem;
• GPIO subsystem;
• GPU drivers;
• Greybus drivers;
• HID subsystem;
• Microsoft Hyper-V drivers;
• Hardware monitoring drivers;
• I2C subsystem;
• I3C subsystem;
• IIO ADC drivers;
• IIO subsystem;
• InfiniBand drivers;
• Input Device core drivers;
• IOMMU subsystem;
• LED subsystem;
• Mailbox framework;
• Multiple devices driver;
• Media drivers;
• NVIDIA Tegra memory controller driver;
• IBM Advanced System Management driver;
• MTD block device drivers;
• Network drivers;
• Ethernet bonding driver;
• Mellanox network drivers;
• Microsoft Azure Network Adapter (MANA) driver;
• STMicroelectronics network drivers;
• Texas Instruments network drivers;
• MediaTek network drivers;
• NTB driver;
• NVME drivers;
• Device tree and open firmware driver;
• Parport drivers;
• PCI subsystem;
• Pin controllers subsystem;
• Chrome hardware platform drivers;
• ACPI WMI driver;
• Generic PM domains;
• MediaTek PM domains;
• Power supply drivers;
• Remote Processor subsystem;
• MPAM driver;
• Amlogic Meson reset controller drivers;
• S/390 drivers;
• SCSI subsystem;
• NVIDIA Tegra Control Backbone (CBB) driver;
• SPI subsystem;
• Greybus lights staging drivers;
• Media staging drivers;
• Realtek RTL8723BS SDIO drivers;
• SM750 framebuffer staging driver;
• TCM subsystem;
• Thermal drivers;
• Thunderbolt and USB4 drivers;
• TTY drivers;
• Userspace I/O drivers;
• USB Device Class drivers;
• ULPI bus;
• DesignWare USB2 driver;
• USB Gadget drivers;
• USB Dual Role (OTG-ready) Controller drivers;
• USB Serial drivers;
• USB Type-C support driver;
• USB Type-C Port Controller Manager driver;
• TI TPS6598x USB Power Delivery controller driver;
• USB Type-C Connector System Software Interface driver;
• USB over IP driver;
• vDPA drivers;
• VFIO drivers;
• Framebuffer layer;
• TSM AMD SEV Guest driver;
• Xen hypervisor drivers;
• 9P distributed file system;
• File systems infrastructure;
• AFS file system;
• BTRFS file system;
• Ceph distributed file system;
• EROFS file system;
• Ext4 file system;
• F2FS file system;
• FUSE (File system in Userspace);
• GFS2 file system;
• HFS+ file system;
• HugeTLB file system;
• Journaling layer for block devices (JBD2);
• Network file systems…