CVE-2026-70632

FFmpeg versions from 4.4 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an out-of-bounds heap write vulnerability in the native GoPro CineForm HD (CFHD) decoder that allows remote attackers to corrupt heap memory by supplying a crafted AVI file during stream probing. The cfhd_decode() function fails to enforce the non-Bayer logical output-width invariant in the transform-type-2 reconstruction path, causing horiz_filter_clip() to write oversized 16-bit sample rows far beyond the allocated output frame buffer, which can be escalated to arbitrary code execution via overwrite of a live cleanup callback pointer.

FFmpeg is a complete and free Internet live audio and video broadcasting solution for Linux/Unix. It also includes a digital VCR. It can encode in real time in many formats including MPEG1 audio and video, MPEG4, h263, ac3, asf, avi, real, mjpeg, and flash.

Security Fix(es):

FFmpeg versions from 0.5 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain a signed integer overflow vulnerability in the DVB subtitle parser in libavcodec/dvbsub_parser.c that allows attackers to trigger a heap buffer overflow by supplying a crafted WTV file. The overflow causes the bounds-check guard expression to wrap to INT_MIN, bypassing the PARSE_BUF_SIZE comparison and invoking memcpy() with attacker-controlled data into a heap buffer, resulting in an out-of-bounds heap write and potential memory corruption or code execution.(CVE-2026-70628)

FFmpeg versions from 0.5 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an uninitialized heap memory disclosure vulnerability in the native TIFF decoder in libavcodec/tiff.c. An attacker who can cause FFmpeg to decode a crafted TIFF file can supply a valid Deflate-compressed strip that terminates successfully after producing fewer bytes than the declared strip requires. The tiff_unpack_zlib() function allocates a heap buffer sized for the full declared strip but copies all declared rows via memcpy() regardless of how many bytes zlib actually decompressed, causing unwritten bytes that can contain stale data from prior heap allocations to be incorporated into decoded image output and potentially exposing sensitive data in persistent services.(CVE-2026-70631)

FFmpeg versions from 4.4 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an out-of-bounds heap write vulnerability in the native GoPro CineForm HD (CFHD) decoder that allows remote attackers to corrupt heap memory by supplying a crafted AVI file during stream probing. The cfhd_decode() function fails to enforce the non-Bayer logical output-width invariant in the transform-type-2 reconstruction path, causing horiz_filter_clip() to write oversized 16-bit sample rows far beyond the allocated output frame buffer, which can be escalated to arbitrary code execution via overwrite of a live cleanup callback pointer.(CVE-2026-70632)

FFmpeg is a complete and free Internet live audio and video broadcasting solution for Linux/Unix. It also includes a digital VCR. It can encode in real time in many formats including MPEG1 audio and video, MPEG4, h263, ac3, asf, avi, real, mjpeg, and flash.

Security Fix(es):

FFmpeg versions from 0.5 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain a signed integer overflow vulnerability in the DVB subtitle parser in libavcodec/dvbsub_parser.c that allows attackers to trigger a heap buffer overflow by supplying a crafted WTV file. The overflow causes the bounds-check guard expression to wrap to INT_MIN, bypassing the PARSE_BUF_SIZE comparison and invoking memcpy() with attacker-controlled data into a heap buffer, resulting in an out-of-bounds heap write and potential memory corruption or code execution.(CVE-2026-70628)

FFmpeg versions from 0.5 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an uninitialized heap memory disclosure vulnerability in the native TIFF decoder in libavcodec/tiff.c. An attacker who can cause FFmpeg to decode a crafted TIFF file can supply a valid Deflate-compressed strip that terminates successfully after producing fewer bytes than the declared strip requires. The tiff_unpack_zlib() function allocates a heap buffer sized for the full declared strip but copies all declared rows via memcpy() regardless of how many bytes zlib actually decompressed, causing unwritten bytes that can contain stale data from prior heap allocations to be incorporated into decoded image output and potentially exposing sensitive data in persistent services.(CVE-2026-70631)

FFmpeg versions from 4.4 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an out-of-bounds heap write vulnerability in the native GoPro CineForm HD (CFHD) decoder that allows remote attackers to corrupt heap memory by supplying a crafted AVI file during stream probing. The cfhd_decode() function fails to enforce the non-Bayer logical output-width invariant in the transform-type-2 reconstruction path, causing horiz_filter_clip() to write oversized 16-bit sample rows far beyond the allocated output frame buffer, which can be escalated to arbitrary code execution via overwrite of a live cleanup callback pointer.(CVE-2026-70632)

FFmpeg is a complete and free Internet live audio and video broadcasting solution for Linux/Unix. It also includes a digital VCR. It can encode in real time in many formats including MPEG1 audio and video, MPEG4, h263, ac3, asf, avi, real, mjpeg, and flash.

Security Fix(es):

A flaw was found in FFmpeg. The tdsc_load_cursor() function writes beyond the bounds of a heap-allocated buffer when processing crafted TDSC cursor data. A remote attacker could exploit this by supplying a specially crafted video file, potentially leading to a denial of service or arbitrary code execution.(CVE-2026-18393)

A flaw was found in FFmpeg. An integer overflow in the libavfilter/vf_scale.c component allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) by supplying a specially crafted video file. This can lead to the application becoming unresponsive or crashing.(CVE-2026-38343)

A flaw was found in FFmpeg. This vulnerability involves a NULL pointer dereference within the get_min_buffer_size function when processing specially crafted video files. An attacker could exploit this by providing a malicious video file, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). A Denial of Service attack prevents legitimate users from accessing a service or resource.(CVE-2026-38344)

A flaw was found in FFmpeg. An integer overflow vulnerability in the yuv2planeX_8_c() function allows a remote attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) by supplying a specially crafted video file. This can lead to the application becoming unresponsive or crashing, impacting system availability.(CVE-2026-38346)

A flaw was found in FFmpeg. A heap overflow vulnerability exists in the ff_sws_alphablendaway function. This flaw allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) by providing a specially crafted input. Successful exploitation could lead to the application becoming unresponsive or crashing.(CVE-2026-38347)

A flaw was found in FFmpeg, specifically within the libswscale/utils.c component. An integer overflow vulnerability allows a remote attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) by supplying a specially crafted image file. This could lead to the application becoming unresponsive or crashing.(CVE-2026-38348)

A flaw was found in FFmpeg. An integer overflow vulnerability in the hScale16To19_c() function allows a remote attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) by supplying a specially crafted image file. This can lead to the application becoming unresponsive or crashing, preventing legitimate users from accessing the service.(CVE-2026-38349)

FFmpeg versions from 0.5 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain a signed integer overflow vulnerability in the DVB subtitle parser in libavcodec/dvbsub_parser.c that allows attackers to trigger a heap buffer overflow by supplying a crafted WTV file. The overflow causes the bounds-check guard expression to wrap to INT_MIN, bypassing the PARSE_BUF_SIZE comparison and invoking memcpy() with attacker-controlled data into a heap buffer, resulting in an out-of-bounds heap write and potential memory corruption or code execution.(CVE-2026-70628)

FFmpeg versions from 0.5 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an uninitialized heap memory disclosure vulnerability in the native TIFF decoder in libavcodec/tiff.c. An attacker who can cause FFmpeg to decode a crafted TIFF file can supply a valid Deflate-compressed strip that terminates successfully after producing fewer bytes than the declared strip requires. The tiff_unpack_zlib() function allocates a heap buffer sized for the full declared strip but copies all declared rows via memcpy() regardless of how many bytes zlib actually decompressed, causing unwritten bytes that can contain stale data from prior heap allocations to be incorporated into decoded image output and potentially exposing sensitive data in persistent services.(CVE-2026-70631)

FFmpeg versions from 4.4 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an out-of-bounds heap write vulnerability in the native GoPro CineForm HD (CFHD)…

FFmpeg versions from 4.4 up to, but not including, 9.0 contain an out-of-bounds heap write vulnerability in the native GoPro CineForm HD (CFHD) decoder that allows remote attackers to corrupt heap memory by supplying a crafted AVI file during stream probing. The cfhd_decode() function fails to enforce the non-Bayer logical output-width invariant in the transform-type-2 reconstruction path, causing horiz_filter_clip() to write oversized 16-bit sample rows far beyond the allocated output frame buffer, which can be escalated to arbitrary code execution via overwrite of a live cleanup callback pointer.

Out-of-Bounds Write in RASC Decoder decode_dlta(). (CVE-2026-58049) Heap Buffer Overflow via VobSub Subtitle Demuxer. (CVE-2026-64830) Double-Free in NVDEC Hardware Decoder via nvdec.c. (CVE-2026-64832) Out-of-Bounds Read via S/PDIF Muxer spdifenc.c. (CVE-2026-64833) Infinite Loop DoS via RTP/ASF Demuxer. (CVE-2026-64834) Out-of-Bounds Memory Access in ADX Audio Decoder. (CVE-2026-64835) Out-of-Bounds Write in TDSC Video Decoder. (CVE-2026-65703) Out-of-Bounds Write via TY Demuxer and Shorten Decoder. (CVE-2026-65704) vf_floodfill Out-of-Bounds Write via filter_frame(). (CVE-2026-65705) vf_swaprect Out-of-Bounds Write via NV12 Frame Processing. (CVE-2026-65706) Heap Out-of-Bounds Write in vf_hqdn3d Filter. (CVE-2026-66036) IAMF Demuxer Uncontrolled Resource Consumption via mix_presentation_obu(). (CVE-2026-66037) LCL/ZLIB Video Decoder Information Disclosure via lcldec.c. (CVE-2026-66038) MACE6 Audio Decoder Heap Out-of-Bounds Write via CAF File. (CVE-2026-66039) Heap Out-of-Bounds Write via vf_quirc Filter. (CVE-2026-66041) DVB Subtitle Parser Heap Buffer Overflow via WTV File. (CVE-2026-70628) Uninitialized Heap Memory Read in RSCC Decoder. (CVE-2026-70629) Uninitialized Heap Memory Read in Screenpresso Decoder. (CVE-2026-70630) Uninitialized Heap Memory Read in TIFF Decoder. (CVE-2026-70631) Heap Out-of-Bounds Write in CFHD Decoder via AVI Demuxing. (CVE-2026-70632) Heap Buffer Overflow in hvcC Box Writer via HEVC Muxing. (CVE-2026-75141) Stack Buffer Overflow in MPEG-PS Muxer via mpegenc.c. (CVE-2026-75142) Heap Buffer Overflow via RIST Protocol Reader. (CVE-2026-75143) Heap Buffer Overflow in VC-2/Dirac RTP Packetizer. (CVE-2026-75144) Out-of-Bounds Read in DASH Demuxer via dashdec.c. (CVE-2026-75146)

These are all security issues fixed in the ffmpeg-9-libavcodec-devel-9.0.1-3.1 package on the GA media of openSUSE Tumbleweed.

These are all security issues fixed in the ffmpeg-7-7.1.5-2.1 package on the GA media of openSUSE Tumbleweed.

These are all security issues fixed in the ffmpeg-8-8.1.2-3.1 package on the GA media of openSUSE Tumbleweed.

These are all security issues fixed in the ffmpeg-4-4.4.8-5.1 package on the GA media of openSUSE Tumbleweed.

This update for ffmpeg-7 fixes the following issues:

• CVE-2023-6602: HLS Force TTY Demuxer (bsc#1220546).
• CVE-2023-6604: HLS XBIN Demuxer DoS Amplification (bsc#1220549).
• CVE-2024-35367: FFmpeg n6.1.1 has an Out-of-bounds Read via libavcodec/ppc/vp8dsp_altivec.c, static const vec_s8 h_subpel_filters_outer (bsc#1234029).
• CVE-2024-36615: FFmpeg n7.0 has a race condition vulnerability in the VP9 decoder. This could lead to a data race if video encoding parameters were being exported, as the side data would be attached in the decoder thread while (bsc#1234017).
• CVE-2025-22921: segmentation violation in NULL pointer dereference via the component /libavcodec/jpeg2000dec.c (bsc#1237382).
• CVE-2026-8461: FFmpeg: Remote code execution via out-of-bounds write in MagicYUV decoder (bsc#1269490).
• CVE-2026-12706: ffmpeg: heap use-after-free read in RASC decoder decode_move() (bsc#1268595).
• CVE-2026-58049: incorrect validation in the RASC video decoder can lead to an out-of-bounds heap write and memory corruption (bsc#1269550).
• CVE-2026-64833: Out-of-Bounds Read via S/PDIF Muxer spdifenc.c (bsc#1272755).
• CVE-2026-64834: Infinite Loop DoS via RTP/ASF Demuxer (bsc#1272757).
• CVE-2026-65703: Out-of-Bounds Write in TDSC Video Decoder (bsc#1272759).
• CVE-2026-65704: Out-of-Bounds Write via TY Demuxer and Shorten Decoder (bsc#1272760).
• CVE-2026-65705: vf_floodfill Out-of-Bounds Write via filter_frame() (bsc#1272761).
• CVE-2026-65706: vf_swaprect Out-of-Bounds Write via NV12 Frame Processing (bsc#1272762).
• CVE-2026-66036: Heap Out-of-Bounds Write in vf_hqdn3d Filter (bsc#1272763).
• CVE-2026-66037: IAMF Demuxer Uncontrolled Resource Consumption via mix_presentation_obu() (bsc#1272764).
• CVE-2026-70628: signed integer underflows during subtitle buffer checks can cause heap buffer overflows (bsc#1274268).
• CVE-2026-70629: unvalidated decompressed frame sizes in video decoders can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274270).
• CVE-2026-70630: unvalidated decompression sizes in Screenpresso frame decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274282).
• CVE-2026-70631: unvalidated decompression sizes in TIFF strip decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274287).
• CVE-2026-70632: unenforced frame dimensions in CineForm HD decoding can cause heap-based out-of-bounds writes (bsc#1274289).
• CVE-2026-75141: heap buffer overflow in the hvcC box writer (bsc#1276407).
• CVE-2026-75142: stack buffer overflow in the MPEG-PS muxer (bsc#1276408).
• CVE-2026-75143: heap buffer overflow in the RIST protocol reader (bsc#1276409).
• CVE-2026-75144: heap buffer overflow in the VC-2/Dirac RTP packetizer (bsc#1276410).
• CVE-2026-75146: out-of-bounds read in the DASH demuxer (bsc#1276412).

Changes for ffmpeg-7:

Update to version 7.1.5:

• Various crash, out-of-bounds access, add boundary check fixes. Affected: .mov parser, DASH parser, Snow encoder, Icecast, RTSP decoder, RV10/RV34 RealVideo, Truespeech, ADPCM, Matroska decoder
• avcodec/jpeg2000dec: clear array length when freeing it (CVE-2025-22921, bsc#1237382)
• avcodec/magicyuv: Fix 1 line MEDIAN slices (CVE-2026-8461, bsc#1269490)
• avcodec/magicyuv: reject slice_height misaligned with chroma vshift.
• avcodec/magicyuv: Expand the s->interlaced slice-height sanity check.
• avcodec/rasc: fix heap use-after-free in decode_move(). (CVE-2026-12706, bsc#1268595)
• avformat/hls: Be more picky on extensions. (CVE-2023-6602, bsc#1220546, CVE-2023-6604, bsc#1220549)
• lavc/vp9: Fix regression introduced in 0ba0585. It is possible that ff_progress_frame_await() is calledbut ff_progress_frame_report() isn't called when a hardware acceleration method is used, so a thread for vp9 decoding might get stuck. (CVE-2024-36615, bsc#1234017).
• avcodec/vp9: Fix race when attaching side-data for show-existing frame. (commit: 0ba0585) (CVE-2024-36615, bsc#1234017)
• lavc/vp9: Fix regression introduced in 0ba0585. *…

This update for ffmpeg-4 fixes the following issues:

• CVE-2026-58049: incorrect validation in the RASC video decoder can lead to an out-of-bounds heap write and memory corruption (bsc#1269550).
• CVE-2026-64833: Out-of-Bounds Read via S/PDIF Muxer spdifenc.c (bsc#1272755).
• CVE-2026-64834: Infinite Loop DoS via RTP/ASF Demuxer (bsc#1272757).
• CVE-2026-65703: Out-of-Bounds Write in TDSC Video Decoder (bsc#1272759).
• CVE-2026-65704: Out-of-Bounds Write via TY Demuxer and Shorten Decoder (bsc#1272760).
• CVE-2026-65705: vf_floodfill Out-of-Bounds Write via filter_frame() (bsc#1272761).
• CVE-2026-65706: vf_swaprect Out-of-Bounds Write via NV12 Frame Processing (bsc#1272762).
• CVE-2026-66036: Heap Out-of-Bounds Write in vf_hqdn3d Filter (bsc#1272763).
• CVE-2026-70628: signed integer underflows during subtitle buffer checks can cause heap buffer overflows (bsc#1274268).
• CVE-2026-70629: unvalidated decompressed frame sizes in video decoders can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274270).
• CVE-2026-70630: unvalidated decompression sizes in Screenpresso frame decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274282).
• CVE-2026-70631: unvalidated decompression sizes in TIFF strip decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274287).
• CVE-2026-70632: unenforced frame dimensions in CineForm HD decoding can cause heap-based out-of-bounds writes (bsc#1274289).
• CVE-2026-75142: stack buffer overflow in the MPEG-PS muxer (bsc#1276408).
• CVE-2026-75143: heap buffer overflow in the RIST protocol reader (bsc#1276409).
• CVE-2026-75144: heap buffer overflow in the VC-2/Dirac RTP packetizer (bsc#1276410).
• CVE-2026-75146: out-of-bounds read in the DASH demuxer (bsc#1276412).

This update for ffmpeg-4 fixes the following issues:

• CVE-2026-58049: incorrect validation in the RASC video decoder can lead to an out-of-bounds heap write and memory corruption (bsc#1269550).
• CVE-2026-64833: Out-of-Bounds Read via S/PDIF Muxer spdifenc.c (bsc#1272755).
• CVE-2026-64834: Infinite Loop DoS via RTP/ASF Demuxer (bsc#1272757).
• CVE-2026-65703: Out-of-Bounds Write in TDSC Video Decoder (bsc#1272759).
• CVE-2026-65704: Out-of-Bounds Write via TY Demuxer and Shorten Decoder (bsc#1272760).
• CVE-2026-65705: vf_floodfill Out-of-Bounds Write via filter_frame() (bsc#1272761).
• CVE-2026-65706: vf_swaprect Out-of-Bounds Write via NV12 Frame Processing (bsc#1272762).
• CVE-2026-66036: Heap Out-of-Bounds Write in vf_hqdn3d Filter (bsc#1272763).
• CVE-2026-70628: signed integer underflows during subtitle buffer checks can cause heap buffer overflows (bsc#1274268).
• CVE-2026-70629: unvalidated decompressed frame sizes in video decoders can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274270).
• CVE-2026-70630: unvalidated decompression sizes in Screenpresso frame decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274282).
• CVE-2026-70631: unvalidated decompression sizes in TIFF strip decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274287).
• CVE-2026-70632: unenforced frame dimensions in CineForm HD decoding can cause heap-based out-of-bounds writes (bsc#1274289).
• CVE-2026-75142: stack buffer overflow in the MPEG-PS muxer (bsc#1276408).
• CVE-2026-75143: heap buffer overflow in the RIST protocol reader (bsc#1276409).
• CVE-2026-75144: heap buffer overflow in the VC-2/Dirac RTP packetizer (bsc#1276410).
• CVE-2026-75146: out-of-bounds read in the DASH demuxer (bsc#1276412).

This update for ffmpeg fixes the following issues:

• CVE-2023-6602: HLS Force TTY Demuxer (bsc#1220546).
• CVE-2023-6604: HLS XBIN Demuxer DoS Amplification (bsc#1220549).
• CVE-2024-35367: FFmpeg n6.1.1 has an Out-of-bounds Read via libavcodec/ppc/vp8dsp_altivec.c, static const vec_s8 h_subpel_filters_outer (bsc#1234029).
• CVE-2026-18393: Heap buffer overflow in tdsc_load_cursor() via CUR_FMT_MONO cursor (bsc#1277377).
• CVE-2026-38344: A NULL pointer dereference in the get_min_buffer_size function (/libswscale/slice.c) of FFmpeg N-122528-gdd2976b9e1 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via supplying a crafted video file (bsc#1277309).
• CVE-2026-38345: FFmpeg: Denial of Service via division-by-zero vulnerability in ff_sws_init_single_context function (bsc#1277376).
• CVE-2026-38346: FFmpeg: Denial of Service via crafted video file due to integer overflow (bsc#1277375).
• CVE-2026-38347: FFmpeg: Heap overflow vulnerability leads to Denial of Service (bsc#1277373).
• CVE-2026-38348: FFmpeg: Denial of Service via crafted image file due to integer overflow (bsc#1277368).
• CVE-2026-38349: FFmpeg: Denial of Service via crafted image file due to integer overflow (bsc#1277369).
• CVE-2026-38350: FFmpeg: Integer overflow leads to Denial of Service (bsc#1277370).
• CVE-2026-52296: out-of-bounds read due to missing required padding in WMA extradata allocation paths (bsc#1280752).
• CVE-2026-65705: vf_floodfill Out-of-Bounds Write via filter_frame() (bsc#1272761).
• CVE-2026-66036: Heap Out-of-Bounds Write in vf_hqdn3d Filter (bsc#1272763).
• CVE-2026-70628: signed integer underflows during subtitle buffer checks can cause heap buffer overflows (bsc#1274268).
• CVE-2026-70629: unvalidated decompressed frame sizes in video decoders can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274270).
• CVE-2026-70630: unvalidated decompression sizes in Screenpresso frame decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274282).
• CVE-2026-70631: unvalidated decompression sizes in TIFF strip decoding can cause uninitialized heap memory reads (bsc#1274287).
• CVE-2026-70632: unenforced frame dimensions in CineForm HD decoding can cause heap-based out-of-bounds writes (bsc#1274289).
• CVE-2026-75141: heap buffer overflow in the hvcC box writer (bsc#1276407).
• CVE-2026-75142: stack buffer overflow in the MPEG-PS muxer (bsc#1276408).
• CVE-2026-75144: heap buffer overflow in the VC-2/Dirac RTP packetizer (bsc#1276410).
• CVE-2026-75146: out-of-bounds read in the DASH demuxer (bsc#1276412).
• CVE-2026-90815: out-of-bounds read in the convolution video filter when processing videos with dimensions smaller than the convolution kernel size (bsc#1280754).
• CVE-2026-90816: CPU exhaustion due to missing validations in the parse_playlist() function when processing a crafted HLS playlist (bsc#1280755).

Adrian Junge discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain subtitle data. An attacker could possibly use this issue to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code. (CVE-2026-70628)

Adrian Junge discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain video files. An attacker could possibly use this issue to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code. This issue only affected Ubuntu 22.04 LTS and Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. (CVE-2026-70632)

It was discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain video frames when using the hqdn3d filter. An attacker could possibly use this issue to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code. (CVE-2026-66036)

Adrian Junge discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain compressed video files. An attacker could possibly use this issue to expose sensitive information. (CVE-2026-66038)

Adrian Junge discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain audio files. An attacker could possibly use this issue to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code. (CVE-2026-66039)

Adrian Junge discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain subtitle files. An attacker could possibly use this issue to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code. (CVE-2026-70628)

Adrian Junge discovered that FFmpeg incorrectly handled certain video files. An attacker could possibly use this issue to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code. (CVE-2026-70632)