CVE-2026-118256

Vue I18n is the internationalization plugin for Vue.js. From 9.0.0-beta.5 until 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5, enabling escapeParameter, called escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API, does not escape named interpolation values when the same translation call supplies both list and named values because escapeParams() processes only the list branch. Applications that render translations as HTML and pass untrusted named values with a list can insert attacker-controlled markup, including phishing links, forms, and layout changes, and can permit script execution when combined with the srcdoc sanitizer bypass or on releases without the sanitizer. This issue is fixed in versions 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5.

Vue I18n is the internationalization plugin for Vue.js. From 9.0.0-beta.5 until 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5, enabling escapeParameter, called escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API, does not escape named interpolation values when the same translation call supplies both list and named values because escapeParams() processes only the list branch. Applications that render translations as HTML and pass untrusted named values with a list can insert attacker-controlled markup, including phishing links, forms, and layout changes, and can permit script execution when combined with the srcdoc sanitizer bypass or on releases without the sanitizer. This issue is fixed in versions 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5.

Summary

When escapeParameter is enabled (escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API), Vue I18n escapes the interpolation parameters before formatting a message. escapeParams() escapes either the list values or the named values, but not both: the two branches are joined by else. When a single call passes both, for example t(key, ['...'], { named: { ... } }), the named values reach the message without being escaped.

Details

escapeParams() in packages/core-base/src/translate.ts (v11.4.13):

function escapeParams(options: TranslateOptions) {
  if (isArray(options.list)) {
    options.list = options.list.map(item => (isString(item) ? escapeHtml(item) : item))
  } else if (isObject(options.named)) {
    // ...escapes the named values
  }
}

t(key, list, options) is a public overload, and TranslateOptions has a named field, so a call can carry both. The list is checked first, and the named values are then left as they are.

The translated string still goes through sanitizeTranslatedHtml() (added for CVE-2025-53892), which neutralizes event handler attributes and javascript: URLs. Other markup in the named values, such as links and forms, is inserted as is. Before the fix for GHSA-83rm-6c8r-g728, an <iframe srcdoc> in a named value also passes the sanitizer, and script runs. Versions without the sanitizer (before 9.14.5, 10.0.8 and 11.1.10, and 12.0.0-alpha.1 to alpha.3) insert the named values as HTML without any further check.

<i18n-t> is not affected: it passes either list or named values, never both, and it does not render translations as HTML.

PoC

import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'

const i18n = createI18n({
  legacy: false,
  locale: 'en',
  escapeParameter: true,
  messages: {
    en: { withList: '{0} {name}', withoutList: '{name}' }
  }
})
const t = i18n.global.t

t('withoutList', { name: '<b>x</b>' })
// &lt;b&gt;x&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;      escaped

t('withList', ['a'], { named: { name: '<b>x</b>' } })
// a <b>x</b>                   not escaped (v11.4.13)

Impact

Applications are affected when they enable escapeParameter, render translations as HTML (for example with v-html), and pass untrusted named values in the same call as a list. The named values are inserted as markup: phishing links, forms, or layout changes. Together with GHSA-83rm-6c8r-g728, or on versions without the sanitizer, this leads to script execution (DOM-based XSS).

Patches

Fixed in 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5. escapeParams() now escapes both the list and the named values.

The fix also stops rewriting the named object that the caller passes. Before, the values of that object were replaced with their escaped form, so a second call with the same object escaped them twice.

v9 and v10 are no longer supported and will not be fixed. Please migrate to v11.

Workarounds

• Do not pass list and named values in the same call when escapeParameter is enabled.
• Do not render translations that can contain untrusted values with v-html. Use component interpolation (<i18n-t>) instead.

Vue I18n is the internationalization plugin for Vue.js. From 9.0.0-beta.5 until 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5, enabling escapeParameter, called escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API, does not escape named interpolation values when the same translation call supplies both list and named values because escapeParams() processes only the list branch. Applications that render translations as HTML and pass untrusted named values with a list can insert attacker-controlled markup, including phishing links, forms, and layout changes, and can permit script execution when combined with the srcdoc sanitizer bypass or on releases without the sanitizer. This issue is fixed in versions 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5.

Vue I18n is the internationalization plugin for Vue.js. From 9.0.0-beta.5 until 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5, enabling escapeParameter, called escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API, does not escape named interpolation values when the same translation call supplies both list and named values because escapeParams() processes only the list branch. Applications that render translations as HTML and pass untrusted named values with a list can insert attacker-controlled markup, including phishing links, forms, and layout changes, and can permit script execution when combined with the srcdoc sanitizer bypass or on releases without the sanitizer. This issue is fixed in versions 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5.

Summary

When escapeParameter is enabled (escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API), Vue I18n escapes the interpolation parameters before formatting a message. escapeParams() escapes either the list values or the named values, but not both: the two branches are joined by else. When a single call passes both, for example t(key, ['...'], { named: { ... } }), the named values reach the message without being escaped.

Details

escapeParams() in packages/core-base/src/translate.ts (v11.4.13):

function escapeParams(options: TranslateOptions) {
  if (isArray(options.list)) {
    options.list = options.list.map(item => (isString(item) ? escapeHtml(item) : item))
  } else if (isObject(options.named)) {
    // ...escapes the named values
  }
}

t(key, list, options) is a public overload, and TranslateOptions has a named field, so a call can carry both. The list is checked first, and the named values are then left as they are.

The translated string still goes through sanitizeTranslatedHtml() (added for CVE-2025-53892), which neutralizes event handler attributes and javascript: URLs. Other markup in the named values, such as links and forms, is inserted as is. Before the fix for GHSA-83rm-6c8r-g728, an <iframe srcdoc> in a named value also passes the sanitizer, and script runs. Versions without the sanitizer (before 9.14.5, 10.0.8 and 11.1.10, and 12.0.0-alpha.1 to alpha.3) insert the named values as HTML without any further check.

<i18n-t> is not affected: it passes either list or named values, never both, and it does not render translations as HTML.

PoC

import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'

const i18n = createI18n({
  legacy: false,
  locale: 'en',
  escapeParameter: true,
  messages: {
    en: { withList: '{0} {name}', withoutList: '{name}' }
  }
})
const t = i18n.global.t

t('withoutList', { name: '<b>x</b>' })
// &lt;b&gt;x&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;      escaped

t('withList', ['a'], { named: { name: '<b>x</b>' } })
// a <b>x</b>                   not escaped (v11.4.13)

Impact

Applications are affected when they enable escapeParameter, render translations as HTML (for example with v-html), and pass untrusted named values in the same call as a list. The named values are inserted as markup: phishing links, forms, or layout changes. Together with GHSA-83rm-6c8r-g728, or on versions without the sanitizer, this leads to script execution (DOM-based XSS).

Patches

Fixed in 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5. escapeParams() now escapes both the list and the named values.

The fix also stops rewriting the named object that the caller passes. Before, the values of that object were replaced with their escaped form, so a second call with the same object escaped them twice.

v9 and v10 are no longer supported and will not be fixed. Please migrate to v11.

Workarounds

• Do not pass list and named values in the same call when escapeParameter is enabled.
• Do not render translations that can contain untrusted values with v-html. Use component interpolation (<i18n-t>) instead.